y 


F.w. .. 


■ 

DEPAR  rMEN  I    I  \\     VGRICUL1  UR 
rsioM  o] 


<  >  M  K 


MISCELLANEOUS  RESULTS 


WORK  OF  TIIK  DIVISION  OF  FNTOMOlJMiY 


in. 


PREPARED    INUKi;    CHE    DIRECTION    <>i 

L.    O.    HOWARD, 
ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVE  R  N  >l  E  N  T    P  R  I  N  TING    ' »  F  F  1  C  E 
1  898. 


DIVISION  OF  EXTOMOLOOT. 


Entomologist:  L.O.Howard. 

Assist.  Entomologists:  C.  L.  Marlatt,  Th.  Pergande,  F.  H.  Chittenden,  Frank  Benton. 

Investigators :  E.  A.  Schwarz,  H.  G.  Hubbard.  D.  W.  Coquillett. 

Assistants :  R.  S.  Clifton,  Nathan  Banks,  F.  C.  Pratt,  Aug.  Busck,  Otto  Heidemano. 

Artist:  Miss  L.  Sullivan. 


Bulletin  No.  18-New  Series. 

U.  s.  DEPAR  I  MEN  rOl     \<  rRICl  \.  I  I  Rl 

|»I\  [8I0N    "I     INI'  'M'  »l.<  >G1 


SOU  E 


MISCELLANEOUS  RESULTS 


..I  i in 


WORK  OF  THE  DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


III. 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE   DIRECTION  OF 

L.    O.    HOWARD, 
ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE, 
1898. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  D.  C,  November  1,  1898. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  a 
bulletin  which  contains  matter  similar  to  that  published  in  Bulletins 
Nos.  7  and  10  of  the  new  series,  namely,  miscellaneous  articles  and 
notes  which  are  too  short  for  separate  publication  but  which  are  of 
such  importance  that  they  should  be  promptly  printed.  I  recommend 
the  publication  of  this  manuscript  as  Bulletin  18,  new  series,  of  this 
Division. 

Bespectfully,  L.  O.  Howard, 

Hon.  James  Wilson,  Entomologist. 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
2 


<  ONTENTS 


Introduction 6 

I  in    Ban  Jose  Scale  on  Drikd  Faun                                    ,L.  0    Howard  ,  7 

A  \  i  w  i  occn>  on  Birch    [UnBtr&ted).  Henry  Q.Hubbard  and  Tkeo.  Pergando..  IS 
The  i*i  lch   Lbcanium     Lecaniun  nigrofaeciatum  n. -|>.    (illustrated 

1'lnn.    J',  I'Kliui, 

Tin    Work  Aoainsi   [cebyj  Purchasi  in  Portugal,  with  an  Account  oi 

mi    Introduction  oi    Noviua  i  ibdinalis / ..  0.  Howard  90 

T\\  K.  Prunbrs  and  Allied  Species    Illustrated  /'.  //.  Chittenden  36 

ADestructivi  Borer  Enemy  of  Birch  Trees  (illustrated  ..F.H.Chittenden  n 

A  New Nomenclatubj   oi    rra  Broods  of  mi    Periodica!   Cicada 

C.L.  Ma  rial  t.  . 

A  Consideration  oi  mi:  Validity  oi  the  Old  Records  Bearing  on  the 
Distribution  oi  mik  Broods  of  the  Periodical  Ci<  a.da,  with  Partic- 
ular   REFEREN<  k    l"    mi     I  U  I  DRRENCE  OF   BROODS   VI    AND  Will   IN  L898 

C.L.  Marlatt..        59 

Somi   Observations  on  the  Cycle  »>i    mik  Sexual  Development  of  the 

"Blood  Louse"  {Schizoneura  lanigera  Hausm.) 8.  MolcrzhetsH..        ix 

a  Cecidomyiid  Injurious  ro  Seeds  of  Sorghum I).  W.  Coquillett..       si 

A  Leaf-tyer  of  Grape  and  Elderberry F.  II.  Chittenden..        82 

A  Plea-beetle  Living  on  Purslane F.H.Chittenden..       83 

Cotton   Field  [nsects 85 

Geni  ral  Notes 89 

The  Introduction  of  Beneficial  Ladybirds  from  Australia  into  India  (p.  89); 
The  Sugar-cane  Borers  of  the  Mascarene  Islands  (p.  90);  Notes  on  Ticks 
p. 90);  An  Invasion  of  the  Larger  Digger  Wasp  (p. 92);  Recent  Injury 
l>y  the  Sugar-cane  Beetle  and  related  species  (p.  92);  A  New  Enemy  of 
the  Grapevine  in  Mexico  (p.  93);  Westward  Spread  of  the  Common 
Asparagus  Beetle  (p. 93);  Biologic  Note  on  Conotrachelus  elegant  Say  >  ]>. 
94  :  A  New  Sugar-beet  Beetle  (p.  95);  A  Leaf-beetle  Injurious  to  Culti- 
vated Sunflower  (p.  96);  Recent  Injury  by  Bark-beetles:  a  correction 
(p.  96);  An  interesting  case  of  Myiasis  (p.  97);  The  European  Bat  Bug 
in  America  (p.  97);  A  Radical  Novelty  in  Chinch  Bug  Work  (p.  97); 
Poisoned  Potato  Slices  for  Oniscus  (p.  98). 

Notes  i  bom  Correspondence 99 

Eor  House  Ants  (p.  99);  Injury  by  the  Orange  Leaf-roller  (p.  99) ;  Injury 
by  the  Caterpillars  of  Scepsis  fulvioollis  Hbn.  (p. 99);  Poisoning  for  the 
Cotton  Caterpillar  (p.  99);  Insect  injury  to  Pecan  buds  (p.99);  A  late 
Outbreak  of  the  Army  Worm  p.  99  :  Extraordinary  abundance  of  Io 
caterpillars  (p.  99);  Another  very  Beneficial  Lady-bird  (p.99);  Leaf- 
beetle  Injury  to  Coffee  Trees  in  Guatemala  (p.  100);  The  Giant  Twig 
Girdler  (p.  100) ;  Recent  Injury  by  Blister  Beetles  of  the  Genus  Pompho- 
poea  (p.  100);  Swarming  of  Western  Willow  Plea-beetle  (p.  100);  New- 
food  plants  of  the  Oil  Beetle,  Meloe  angusticollis  (p.  100);  The  Flat- 
headed  Apple-tree  Borer  Damaging  Quilts  (p.  100);  Coemopepla  camifex 
attacking  Mustard  (p.  100);  The  Big  Bed-bug  of  the  Far  West  (p  im  ; 
Nyeius  califomicus  injurious  t<>  lettuce  (p.  101);  Leaf-hopper  injury  to 
Potatoes  (p.  101);  The  Hawthorn  Tingis  injuring  Quince  (p.  101);  The 
Wheat  Thrips  injuring  Plums  in  Florida  (p.  101) ;  The  so-called  "  Cotton 
Flea"  (p.  101).  3 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

',.  1.  Xylococcus  betulce:  work  on  birch  tree 14 

2.  Xylococcus  betulce:  larvae,  male  and  female 20 

3.  Xylococcus  betulce:  end  of  body  of  female 21 

4.  Xylococcus  betulw:  end  of  body  of  female,  second  stage 21 

5.  Xylococcus  betulce:  end  of  body  of  female,  third  and  fourth  stages 22 

6.  Xylococcus  betulce:  stages  of  female 22 

7.  Xylococcus  betulcv:  adult  female 23 

8.  Xylococcus  betulce:  parts  of  male 25 

9.  Lecanium  nigrofasciatum:  adult  female 27 

10.  Lecanium  nigrofasciatum :  antenna  and  leg 28 

11.  Elaphidion  villosum:  larva,  beetle,  pupa,  etc 36 

12.  Elaphidion  inerme,  enlarged 41 

13.  Work  of  Elaphidion  subpubescens 41 

14.  Elaphidion  mucronatum,  enlarged 43 

15.  Work  of  Agrilus  auxins  on  birch  limb 46 

16.  Work  of  Agrilus  auxins  on  birch  truuk 47 

17.  Agrilus  anxius:  larva,  pupa  and  adult 45 

4 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  present  bulletin  Is  the  third  of  the  new  scries  of  this  Division  to 
contain  miscellaneous  short  articles  and  notes.     It  presents  a  number 

of  article-  of  more  than  usual  interest.  The  record  of  experiments  on 
ying  fruit  affected  by  the  San  Jose  scale  is  of  international  impor- 
tance in  view  of  the  recent  Legislation  by  foreign  countries  barring 
American  dried  fruits  from  entrance.  The  account  of  the  work  against 
the  tinted  scale.  Icerya  purchasi,  in  Portugal  contains  another  striking 
example  of  the  value  of  the  study  of  natural  enemies  of  injurious  insects. 
The  articles  by  Mr.  Chittenden  on  twig  primers  and  a  new  borer  enemy 
of  the  birch  are  of  interest  on  account  of  the  recent  damage  by  these 
destructive  insects  and  of  importance  since  they  bring  to  notice  some 
species  new  to  this  form  of  damage.  The  peach  Lecanium  article  by  Mr. 
Pergande  will,  it  is  hoped,  settle  the  long-mooted  question  as  to  the 
identity  of  the  brown  scale  which  so  frequently  damages  peach  trees, 
and  that  upon  a  new  Coccid  on  birch  describes  with  great  care  the  life 
history  of  a  remarkable  insect  which  has  ruined  the  bark  of  the  beauti- 
ful white  birch  over  a  large  extent  of  the  Lake  Superior  region.  The 
periodical  Cicada  articles  by  Mr.  31arlatt  are  also  of  special  interest, 
the  first  one  proposing  for  the  first  time  a  rational  nomenclature  for 
the  different  broods  of  this  unique  insect. 

L.O.H. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Florida,  George  A.  Smathers  Libraries  with  support  from  LYRASIS  and  the  Sloan  Foundation 


http://archive.org/details/ellaneouOOunit 


SOME  MISCELLANEOl  S  RESULTS  OF  THE  WORK  0 
DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


THE   SAN   JOSE   SCALE   ON   DRIED   FRUIT. 

Bj  I..  I  >.  Hew  aki>. 

We  have  made  little  mention  as  ye1  in  the  publications  of  the  Divi- 
sion of  the  recent  actions  by  foreign  governments  in  prohibiting  the 

importation  of  American  plants  ;ind  fruits  on  account  of  the  danger  of 
introducing  the  San  .lose  scale.  In  Bulletin  12,  new  series,  we  gave 
the  German  edict  <>f  Februarys,  which  prohibited  living  plants  and 
their  packing  as  well  as  fresh  fruit  when  examination  of  the  latter 
indicated  the  presence  of  the  scale.  A  later  edict  included  fruit  waste 
(cores  and  skins,,  a  by-product  of  evaporated  apples.  Still  later,  cus- 
toms authorities  were  notified  to  allow  the  importation  of  whole  impeded 
dried  fruit  from  the  Tinted  States  without  previous  examination  for 
the  presence  of  the  San  Jose  scale  only  when,  without  exception,  it  is 
wholly  dry.  hard,  and  brittle,  so  that  without  difficulty  it  can  be  rubbed 
line  in  the  hand. 

Measures  adopted  by  the  Austro-Himgarian  Government  in  April 
were  prohibitive  only  in  so  far  as  related  to  the  importation  of  living 
plants,  -rafts,  and  layers,  and  also  the  packing  and  cover  with  which 
they  were  shipped.  Measures  adopted  about  the  same  time  by  the 
Canadian  Government  prohibited  only  nursery  stock.  A  comprehen- 
sive law  adopted  by  the  Government  of  the  Netherlands  did  not  take 
action  regarding  dried  fruit,  the  minister  of  the  interior  stating  in  the 
discussion  of  the  bill  that  he  did  not  consider  such  a  course  necessary. 

On  the  14th  of  July  the  Federal  Council  of  Switzerland  promulgated 
a  decree  which  in  effect  prohibited  the  importation  into  that  country  of 
all  impeded  American  dried  fruits.  This  decree,  apparently  working 
a  hardship  upon  American  exporters,  has  been  the  subject  of  a  some- 
what extensive  correspondence,  in  the  course  of  which  the  Tinted 
States  Department  of  State  was  appealed  to  by  American  exporters, 
aud  in  turn  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  was  consulted 
for  expert  information.  The  Divisions  of  Pomology  and  Entomology 
were  consulted  by  the  honorable  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  and  extracts 
from  the  reports  of  these  divisions  follow. 

FROM    THE    DIVISION    OF    POMOLOGY. 

Under  this  enactment  it  would  appear  that  all  American  nnpeeled  sun-dried  or 
evaporated  (raits  arc  denied  entrance  to  Switzerland.  This  practically  shuts  out 
all  American  sun-dried  or  evaporated  plums,  prunes,  apricots,  nectarines,  cherries, 

7 


8 

raisins,  and  berries,  all  of  which  fruits  are  commonly  dried  without  being  peeled,  as 
well  as  evaporated  apple  "chops"  and  "skins,"  which  are  largely  exported  to  Euro- 
pean countries.  It  also  affects  the  trade  in  both  sun-dried  and  evaporated  peaches 
and  pears,  of  which  only  a  part  of  the  product  consists  of  peeled  fruit. 

The  avowed  intention  of  the  prohibition,  according  to  the  press  reports,  is  to 
prevent  the  introduction  of  San  Jose  scale  on  such  fruits. 

In  the  absence  of  any  recorded  instance  where  this  scale  has  been  introduced  to 
any  fruit  region  through  the  agency  of  infested  fresh  fruit,  the  prohibition  of  the 
importation  of  the  dried  product  seems  unnecessarily  severe.  All  American  sun- 
dried  fruits  are  subjected  to  a  high  temperature  in  the  open  air  for  several  days  dur- 
ing the  drying  process,  and  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  the  scale  could  long  survive 
such  treatment.  If  there  is  any  doubt  concerning  such  fruit  it  could  easily  be 
removed  by  requiring  that  all  sun-dried  fruits  should  be  sterilized  before  packing, 
by  being  heated  in  a  fruit  evaporator,  to  a  temperature  to  be  agreed  upon  by  test,  for 
such  length  of  time  as  would  be  sufficient  to  destroy  all  living  scale,  if  such  were 
present. 

In  so  far  as  it  relates  to  evaporated  fruits  the  prohibition  is  entirely  unnecessary. 
In  the  evaporating  process  the  fruit  is  subjected  to  a  temperature  of  150°  to  200°  F. 
for  several  hours,  usually  twelve  or  more.  In  the  case  of  apricots,  peaches,  and 
pears,  the  fruit  is  subjected  to  the  fumes  of  burning  sulphur  for  from  thirty  to  sixty 
minutes  before  being  placed  in  the  evaporator.  In  California  the  same  treatment  is 
applied  to  fruits  that  are  afterwards  dried  in  the  sun,  while  in  all  prune-growing 
districts  of  the  United  States  the  fruit  is  dipped  in  hot  lye  to  check  the  skin  and 
hasten  the  drying  process.  This  treatment  undoubtedly  destroys  the  life  of  any 
scale  that  may  be  upon  the  fruit. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  which  are  capable  of  the  most  complete  substantiation  by 
observation  in  the  portions  of  the  United  States  which  produce  the  dried  and  evap- 
orated fruits  mentioned,  it  is  my  opinion  that  a  strong  protest  should  be  made  by 
the  Department  of  State  against  the  continuance  of  the  above-mentioned  prohibitive 
legislation. 

As  it  now  stands,  it  unnecessarily  and  unjustly  restricts  legitimate  trade  in  an 
important  pomological  product. 

Very  respectfully,  Wm.  A.  Taylor, 

Acting  Pomologist. 

FROM   THE   DIVISION   OF   ENTOMOLOGY. 

From  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  habits  and  life  history  of  the  San  Jose 
scale,  extending  now  over  a  period  of  nineteen  years,  or  ever  since  it  was  first  dis- 
covered in  the  United  States,  I  can,  with  confidence,  state  that,  in  my  opinion,  the 
Swiss  legislation  works  an  entirely  unnecessary  hardship  upon  American  exporters 
of  dried  fruits.  With  regard  to  evaporated  fruits,  the  prohibition  is  ludicrously 
unnecessary.  With  regard  to  sun-dried  fruits,  it  is  my  strong  belief  that  it  i§ 
equally  unnecessary. 

I  have  seen  the  newspaper  statement  to  the  effect  that  the  San  Jose  scale  in  living 
condition  has  been  found  upon  the  skin  of  American  dried  fruit  imported  into  Ger- 
many, but  firmly  believe  that  this  is  a  misstatement,  and  am  of  the  opinion  that  the 
State  Department  would  be  perfectly  justified  in  auy  endeavor  to  secure  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  Swiss  ruling,  and  would  indorse  the  suggestion  of  the  Acting  Pomologist 
that:  in  case  it  should  be  found  that  it  is  impossible  to  secure  the  entire  abolition  of 
the  ruling,  in  all  fairness  efforts  should  be  made  to  remove  evaporated  fruits  from 
the  prohibited  category  and  to  secure  the  admission  of  sun-dried  fruits  which  have 
been  sterilized  before  packing. 

Respectfully  yours,  L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 


1) 

Although  the  A.eting  Pomologisl  and  the  Entomologist  •  ■■mi 

dfii  t  of  the  Correctness  of  their  views,  ;i>  expressed  above,  ilia!  ex  peri 

mentation  Beemed  hardly  necessary,!!  wta  decided,  in  order  to  lend 
force  to  subsequent  expressions  of  opinion  bj  the  Department,  to  nndei 
take  a  series  of  experiments  with  Bolphored  and  ansnlphnred  boo  dried 
and  evaporated  fruits  of  different  kinds,  including  apples,  pears,  and 

peaches,    all    well     infested    with    the    Ban    Jose    -rale,    ami     thex-    weir 

carried  <>m  daring  the  months  of  September  and  October. 

Through  the  kindness  <>f  l>r.  J.  B,  Smith,  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.j 
Prof  GL  11.  Powell,  of  Newark,  DeL;  Prof.  W.  G.  Johnson,  of  College 
Station,  Md.,  Pro£  W,  B.  Alwood.  of  Blacksbnrg,  Va.,  and  Mr.  B.  I » 

Of  Riverside,  Md.,  the  waiter  was  able   to  serine  the  desired  fruit,  viz, 

apples,  pears,  and  peaches,  all  bearing  a  greater  or  smaller  Dumber  of 
living  specimens  of  the  San  Jose  scale.  Some  of  the  fruit  was  badly 
infested,  while  other  specimens  carried  but  a  few  scales.  This  fruit  was 
t in i*  -d  over  to  .Mr.  Taylor,  who  sliced  ami  dried  it  by  both  evaporating 
and  sun-drying  processes  in  accordance  with  the  general  customs,  having 
dried  a  certain  amount  of  each  without  previous  sulphuring  and  sub 
mitting  the  rest  to  the  ordinary  sulphuring  process.  The  lots  of  fruit 
were  kept  distinct,  and  the  dried  product  was  returned  by  Mr.  Taylor  to 
this  Division.  On  receipt  at  this  office  the  entire  product  was  carefully 
examined.  Each  section  of  dried  fruit  was  examined  with  a  hand  lens 
to  locate  the  scales,  and  each  scale  found  was  examined  under  a  com- 
pound microscope  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  it  was  living  or  dead. 
The  examination  was  necessarily  protracted  and  very  tedious,  but,  in  a 
word,  not  a  single  scale  was  found  which  showed  the  slightest  signs  of 
life. 

We  consider  this  test  to  have  been  conclusive  and  to  have  demon- 
strated that  prohibition  of  American  dried  fruit  by  foreign  countries  is 
unnecessary  in  order  to  protect  their  fruit-growing  interests,  and  that 
the  complaints  of  American  exporters  are  fully  justified.  The  details 
of  the  experiments  follow,  the  reports  of  the  evaporation  experiments 
being  signed  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Taylor,  Acting  Pomologist,  who  personally 
conducted  the  work,  assisted  by  Messrs.  W.  P.  Corsa  and  W.  X.  Irving, 
of  the  Division  of  Pomology,  and  the  results  of  the  entomological  exam- 
ination being  signed  by  Mr.  Nathan  Banks,  an  expert  assistant  in  the 
Division  of  Entomology,  who  conducted  the  microscopic  examination 
of  the  scales.  Mr.  Banks's  methods  and  results  were  tested  by  the 
writer  and  found  to  be  perfectly  satisfactory. 

i.xiKRiMENT   I.— Evaporation   of  Angouleme   (Duchess)    Pears,    Skptembxb 

13, 14,  1898. 

These  pears  were  " shipping  ripe,"  rather  immature  to  evaporate  to  good  advan- 
tage. They  were  divided  into  two  equal  lots,  A  and  B,  by  weight,  and  were  then 
quartered,  cored,  and  placed  on  trays. 

Lot  A  was  spread  upon  two  trays  (1  and  2)  and  exposed  to  the  fumes  of  1  teaspoon- 
ful  of  sulphur  for  fifteen  minutes  in  the  bleaching  box,  which  has  a  capacity  of  four 


10 

trays.  They  were  then  placed  in  the  evaporator,  No.  1  on  the  bottom  ledge  and  No. 
2  on  the  seventh  ledge  from  the  bottom. 

Lot  B  was  spread  upon  two  trays  (3  and  4)  and  immediately  placed  in  the  evapor- 
ator, No.  3  on  the  fourth  ledge  and  No.  4  on  the  top  or  tenth  ledge. 

Temperatures  were  observed  continuously  by  means  of  mercurial  thermometers 
placed  on  bottom  and  top  trays,  with  tubes  extending  out  through  small  holes  in 
side  and  top  of  evaporator.  Temperatures  were  recorded  at  intervals  of  fifteen  min- 
utes. The  evaporator  was  opened  at  intervals  of  one  hour  to  observe  the  condition 
of  the  fruit.  After  five  hours  of  continuous  heat  it  was  decided  that  it  would  be 
necessary  to  divide  the  quarters  into  eighths,  which  was  done  to  hasten  completion 
of  the  process.  At  the  end  of  nine  hours  all  but  the  largest  pieces  were  pronounced 
cured  and  were  removed  from  the  evaporator.  The  remainder  were  left  in  two  hours 
longer. 

The  temperature  of  the  bottom  tray  during  the  process  (with  exception  of  short 
periods  after  the  opening  of  the  evaporator  for  inspection)  ranged  from  73°  C.  to  100° 
C,  the  latter  temperature  continuing  but  for  a  few  moments  on  two  occasions.  It 
was  found  necessary  to  check  the  fire  frequently  to  prevent  a  higher  temperature, 
and  as  commonly  operated  the  lower  tray  is  undoubtedly  subjected  to  a  temperature 
several  degrees  higher  than  it  was  during  this  test.  A  temperature  of  90°  to  98°  C. 
on  the  bottom  tray  was  maintained  during  most  of  the  period,  94°  being  the  temper- 
ature sought. 

The  temperature  of  the  top  tray  under  similar  conditions  ranged  from  10°  to  20° 
C.  lower  than  that  of  the  bottom  tray,  the  maximum  temperature  of  the  top  tray 
being  88°. 

The  fruit  on  this  tray  cured  much  more  slowly  than  on  the  bottom  tray  because  of 
the  lower  temperature. 

Gross  and  net  weights  of  fresh  fruit  and  weights  of  cured  fruit. 


Weight.                    Cured  in- 

Total 

Gross. 

Net.  a       9  hours. 

11  hours. 

Lot  A: 

Tray  1 

Founds. 
12.20 

Pounds.     Pounds. 
11.69 

Pounds. 
0.16 
0.34 

Pounds. 
1. 16 

Trav  2                     

1.19 

1  53 

2.69 

0.34 
0.76 

LotB: 

Tray  3                  

12.20 

11.72 

0.93 
0.78 

1  27 

Tray  4 

1.54 

2.81 

a  After  removal  of  cores  and  waste. 


/  have  found  all  the  scales  in  this  lot  dead. 


W.  A.  Taylor, 

Acting  Pomologist. 

Nathan  Banks. 


Experiment  II. — Evaporation  and  Sun  Drying  op  Ben  Davis  and  Baldwin 

Apples. 


On  September  15, 1898,  a  mixed  lot  of  Ben  Davis  and  Baldwin  apples,  infested  with 
San  Jose  scale,  was  divided  into  two  equal  parts,  A  and  B,  by  weight.  Each  lot  was 
sliced  into  eighths,  without  paring,  and  spread  upon  trays. 

Lot  A  was  spread  upon  trays  5  and  6  and  exposed  to  the  fumes  of  one  teaspoonful 
of  sulphur  upon  live  coals  for  6fteen  minutes  in  the  bleaching  box.  After  bleaching, 
tray  5  was  placed  in  the  evaporator  on  ledge  9,  while  tray  6  was  exposed  to  the  sun 
in  the  open  air  near  the  ground  at  the  south  side  of  the  insectary. 


11 

I.ot     I!   P   kfl    iprtftd    upon    tra\s7and    B.      Tii\    7    was    |»1  m  ««1    III    the,   rvapi.ratni    OB 
ledg€   I.   while  ti.i\    B  ITM  OXpOOOd  to  the  lOB   D60id0  fcTi 

The  kemperatnrea  of  the  bottom  ami  top  krayi  •  •!  the  evaporator  were  tal  en  at 

int«T\  aU  of  fifteen  minutes  a>*  In  I. » ic.  a  maximum  tempt* rut  nrr  "' 

■ought.    For  a  few  minatei  at  iwodifferonl  timee  the  temperature  of  the  bottom 
c.     \tt.i  leven  hours  expoenre  to  bet>1  Dearly  one-half  of  the 

inut  was  pronounced  cured  ami  was  rouu'veti  from  tin-  trays,  the  balance  being 

taken  <»ut  t  \\  o  hours 

The  ur" •"'s  and  iir t  w .  ighta  of  fresh  fruit  and  the  weight  of  onrea  .rmi  are  shown  In 
the  follow  ing  table : 

II  iiitd  lift  wHgkU  of  fre sh  fruit  and  weight  of  curt  il  fruit . 


Weight. 

Cured  in 

Net. 

7  boors. 

<j  board. 

sulphured) i 

Tra\    B 

8 

Pound*. 

<>.  88 

i'o  (/»'/*•. 
8.  80 

1 

Pounds. 

.  77 

1.74 

Total  eared  fruit,  lot  a. 

Lot  B  mot  Bulphared) : 

Tr:i\  7 




9.33 
9.33 


■v  7.". 
8.83 


Total  cured  fruit,  lot  B 


46 


1.43 


1   39 


Tray-  6  and  8  were  exposed  daily  to  the  sun  in  dry  weather  from  8  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m., 

and  were  pronounced  cured  alter  about  ten  days  of  such  exposure.     A  small  portion  of 
the  fruit  from  these  trays  was  destroyed  by  mice  at  night. 

W.  A.  Taylor, 

Acting  Pomologist. 


I  have  examined  all  these  and  found  the  scales  all  dead. 


Nathan  Banks. 


Evaporation  and  Sun  Drying  of  Peaches. 

A  basket  of  white-fleshed,  freestone  peaches,  probably  Fox  (Seedling),  infested  with 
San  Jose  scale,  was  divided,  by  weight,  into  two  equal  lots.  A  and  B.  The  fruit 
was  cut  into  halves,  and  after  removal  of  stones  was  spread  upon  trays. 

As  in  the  case  of  apples,  lot  A- (spread  upon  trays  1  and  2)  was  exposed  to  the 
fumes  of  sulphur,  while  lot  li  (spread  upon  trays  3  and  4)  was  not.  Trays  1  and  3 
were  placed  in  the  evaporator  upon  ledges  1  and  7,  respectively,  with  the  apples, 
while  trays  2  and  4  were  dried  in  the  sun,  with  the  same  exposure  and  for  the  same 
length  of  time  as  the  apples.  After  seven  hours  of  heat  most  of  the  fruit  on  tray  1 
was  pronounced  cured,  and  at  the  end  of  ten  hours  all  was  removed  from  the  evapo- 
rator. 


12 


The  gross  and  net  weights  of  fresh  fruit  and  the  weight  of  cured  fruit  are  shown 
by  the  following  table : 

Gross  and  net  weights  of  fresh  fruits  and  weight  of  cured  fruit. 

PEACHES. 


Weight. 

Cured  in— 

Total. 

Gross. 

Net.  a 

7  hours. 

10  hours. 

Lot  A  (sulphured) : 

Tray  1 * 

Pounds. 
6.89 
6.89 

Pounds. 
6.26 
6.28 

Pounds. 
1  25 

Pounds. 
0.04 

Pounds. 
1.29 
1.25 

Tray  2 

Total  cured  fruit,  lot  A 

2  54 

Lot  B  (not  sulphured) : 

Tray  3 

6.89 
6.98 

6.27 
6.28 

0.37 

1.27 

1.64 
1  44 

Total  cured  fruit,  lot  B 

3  08 

a  After  removal  of  stones  and  waste. 

A  lot  of  infested  peach  twigs  and  leaves  were  exposed  to  heat  on  top  tray,  the 
coolest  portion  of  the  evaporator,  for  five  hours. 

W.  A.  Taylor, 

Acting  Pomologist. 
All  the  scales  in  this  lot  were  dead. 

Nathan  Banks. 


Experiment  III. 


-Evaporation  and  Sun  Drying  of  Vicar  Pears  and  Ben 
Davis  and  Baldwin  Apples. 


On  September  30  a  basket  of  Vicar  pears,  badly  infested  with  San  Jose  scale,  was 
divided  into  two  equal  lots,  A  and  B,  by  weight,  as  in  Experiments  I  and  II,  and 
after  being  sliced  into  eighths,  was  spread  upon  trays.  Lot  A  was  spread  on  trays 
2  and  3  and  sulphured.  Lot  B  was  spread  upon  trays  4  and  9  and  was  not  exposed 
to  sulphur  fumes.  Trays  III-A-2  and  III-B-4  were  placed  in  the  evaporator.  At 
the  end  of  six  hours  most  of  the  fruit  was  found  cured  and  was  removed,  the  bal- 
ance being  left  until  completion  at  the  end  of  ten  hours.  The  temperatures  were 
practically  identical  with  those  of  Experiment  II.  Trays  III-A-3  and  III-B-9  were 
placed  in  the  sun  for  about  eight  hours  each  day  on  clear  days,  being  exposed  in 
this  manner  for  about  ten  days,  until  sufficiently  cured. 

The  gross  and  net  weights  of  fresh  fruit  and  weight  of  cured  fruit  are  shown  in  the 
following  table : 

Gross  and  net  weights  of  fresh  fruit  and  weight  of  dried  fruit. 

vicar  pears. 


Weight. 

After— 

Total. 

Gross. 

Net. 

6  hours. 

10  hours. 

Lot  A  (sulphured) : 

Pounds. 
\      10. 14 

}      10.14 

Pounds. 
9.59 

9  27 

Pounds. 
(        0.75 

Pounds. 
0.25 

Pounds. 
1 

Trav  III  A  3  sun  dried 

1.02 

Lot  B  (not  sulphured) : 

f        0.63 

0.20 

0.83 

Tray  III  B-9  sun  dried 

1.03 

On  October  1,   1898,  about  one-half  bushel  of  inferior  Ben  Davis  and  Baldwin 
apples  was  divided  into  lots  as  in  the  former  experiments  and  tested  in  the  same 


13 


it  tii-  \  looi  i"  \n,     I  be  diapoah Ion  Mid  1 1 oat  menl 

follow  log  talilo  . 


truvM  i      I. 


Groti  •111,1  it,  t  weight*  oj  fretk  fruii  a  ml  w<  Igki  of  <  «>  <  <t  fi  wit. 

1 1 1    N     I  >  AN  I S     v \  I  >     1 1 A  I  I  >  \\  I  N     .Mill- 


I. ..I     V 

i :  i\  1 1 1    \  I'.-d  nut  sulphured 

i  r.i\  in  a  i  evaporated.  Mulphured — 

u  dried,  sulphured 

Traj  ill  B^  son  dried,  not  sulphured . . 


\it. 


Pound* 


>  Imiir-* 


I 

ii.  79 


L0.26 


1.18 


W.    \.   Tai  LOB, 

.IctiiKj   I'oinolot/ixt. 
All  thr  scalts  in  this  fruit  inn  fount!  dead. 

Nathan  Banks. 
A  NEW  COCCID  ON  BIRCH. 
By  H.  <•.  Hubbard  and Th.  Phbgandk. 
Pari   I  — r>>   II.  G.  Bubbard. 

From  my  boyhood  whenever  I  have  visited  the  Lake  Superior  region 
my  attention  has  been  called  to  the  general  destruction  of  the  bark  of 
birch  trees.  It  is  difficult  to  find  near  the  lake  a  tree  of  any  size  with 
smooth  or  natural  bark,  and  I  remember  that  in  1876,  when  Mr.  Schwarz 
and  I  visited  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  at  Michipicoten  River,  we 
were  told  that  the  Indians  were  obliged  to  go  GO  miles  back  into  the 
interior  in  order  to  find  sheets  of  bark  of  sufficient  size  for  the  con- 
struction of  canoes.  During  a  visit  to  the  south  shore,  not  far  from 
Marquette,  in  September,  1896,  I  discovered  that  this  widespread 
destruction  is  due  to  the  attacks  of  a  coccid.  The  outer  bark  is  rough- 
ened, covered  with  curls  and  splits,  blackened  with  sooty  mold  and  in 
bad  cases  entirely  removed  down  to  the  last  layer.  Often  the  cambium 
itself  is  invaded  and  the  tree  is  killed  or  seriously  injured.  Figure  1,  a 
illustrates  injury  to  a  branch  of  birch  caused  by  this  insect. 

The  coccid  introduces  itself  between  the  layers  of  the  bark  and  by 
its  growth  and  the  formation  of  thick  masses  of  wax  along  its  flanks 
causes  the  bark  to  heave  and  the  layers  to  separate  in  curls.  On  a 
smooth  surface  the  first  attack  is  made  by  the  young  larva4  crawling 
into  the  lenticels,  or  breathing  pores  of  the  bark,  those  little  elongate 
corky  spots  which  give  to  birch  bark  its  elegant  ornamentation.  Aft  er 
wards  successive  generations  of  the  insect  force  their  way  into  the 
crevices  thus  formed  and  cause  extensive  separations  between  the  lay- 
ers. (See  fig.  1,  b).  The  female  insect  during  its  growing  period  is  a 
memberless  sac,  as  in  the  DiaspinsB.  Its  color  is  orange  red  and  when 
compressed  beneath  layers  of  birch  bark  the  form  is  flattened,  broadly 


14 


rounded  anteriority,  pointed  behind  and  about  the  size  of  a  grain  of 
flaxseed.  In  young  birch  trees,  the  bark  of  which  does  not  readily 
separate  in  layers,  the  insect  infests  knots,  accidental  wounds,  or  the 
vicinity  of  buds.  In  this  case  its  form  is  not  flattened  but  well-rounded 
and  pyriform,  and  it  occupies  a  deep  pit  sunk  vertically  into  the  cam 
binm  and  even  into  the  young  wood.  Occasionally  in  white  birch,  and 
also  in  aspen,  similar  pits  are  formed,  whenever  an  accidental  wound 
allows  the  insect  to  gain  access  to  the  succulent  inner  bark,  in  which 
alone,  by  some  obscure  absorptive  process,  the  formation  of  such  a  pit 
is  possible. 


a  ah 

FIG.  1. — Xylococcus  betulce:  a,  branch  of  birch  showing  work;  6,  section  of  inner  bark,  showing  cyst 
occupied  by  the  coccid;  c,  coccids  in  position,  with  layer  of  bark  removed,  showing  waxy  secretion, 
surrounding  them  and  rods  of  wax  protruding  from  anal  tube;  d,  section  of  rod  of  wax,  showing  its 
compound  nature— a,  natural  size;  c,  enlarged;  b  and  d,  greatly  enlarged  (original). 

Small  curls  of  wax  are  given  off  from  pores  thickly  scattered  over 
the  body  of  the  coccid,  but  more  copiously  from  the  sides,  where  the 
excretion  becomes  consolidated  into  thick  lamina  of  white  wax.  The 
anal  extremity  produces  numerous  stronger  waxen  curls,  and  in  the 
midst  of  these  there  issues,  from  the  anus  itself,  a  tubular  bundle  of 
waxen  rods  condensed  into  an  apparently  solid  thread,  which  does  not 
curl,  but  forces  its  way  out  of  the  nearest  crevice  in  the  bark  into  the 
open  air.  (See  fig.  1,  c,  showing  coccids  in  natural  position  on  bark; 
and  d,  which  shows  section  of  waxy  rod.)  In  fair  weather  these  glassy 
hairs  may  be  seen  issuing  from  every  crevice  in  the  bedeviled  cortex, 


15 

often  reaching  a  length  of  one  or  two  inches,  and  giving  a  boarj  appeal 
ance  to  certain  spots  ou  the  trunk,  Clinging  to  every  bail  is  a  glittering 
drop  of  honej  dew.  The  bundle  of  waxen  bristles  is  in  fact  b  oontriv- 
ance  admirably  adapted  to  remove  the  copious  Mow  of  saccharine  excre* 
mcnt  winch  would  otherwise  condense  about  the  Insect  and  exclude 
communical  ion  *  itfa  the  outer  air. 

Mr.  Pergande  has  made  many  slide  mounts  of  the  ooccid,  and  hi> 
preparations,  cleared  with  potash,  show  thai  the  long  anal  thread  is 
produced  by  an  internal  ohitinous  tube,  formed  by  the  union  around 

the  end  of  the  anal  canal  of  numerous  spinneret  s.     These  are  t  lie  chit  i- 

dous  terminations  or  formative  tubes  of  major  wax  glands,  which  open 

into  tin-  intestine  in  two  encircling  ranks,  one  above  the  other.  The 
union  of  these  spinneret  tubes  forms  a  rigid  chit  I  nous  honey-dew  organ, 
which  is  capable  Of  ;i  forward  and  back  motion  and  can  be  protruded  a 
considerable  distance  out  of  the  body.    When  withdrawn,  the  opening 

is  closed  by  several   ranks  of  stout  converging  spines.     This   internal 

organ  is  in  truth  the  ninth  abdominal  segment.    The  eight  preceding 

segments  of  the  abdomen  are  marked  by  a  pair  of  spiracles  on  cither 
side  of  each.  The  spiracles  have  large  and  simple  openings,  but  within 
the  body  form  trumpet-shaped  tubes,  iu  the  constricted  necks  of  which 
are  seen  large  pores,  the  openings  of  lubricating  wax  glands.  The 
existence  of  one  or  of  two  rings  of  these  spiracular  pores  is  the  most 
marked  distinction  between  the  sac-like  females  before  and  after  the 
second  molt.  There  are  no  spiracles  anterior  to  the  abdominal  portion 
of  the  body  in  the  female,  nor  are  any  other  organs  visible  upon  the 
exterior  save  the  elevation  of  the  clypeus,  with  its  single-jointed  lower 
lip.  or  clasper,  from  which  issue  the  mouth  bristles.  The  internal  frame- 
work of  the  buccal  organs  is  large  and  similar  iu  appearance  to  that 
seen  in  the  Diaspiiue  and  the  Lecanime.  It  does  not  appear  to  possess 
the  sucking  apparatus  of  the  former  group,  and  is  probably  as  simple 
in  structure  as  in  the  LecaninaB.  The  eye  spots  seen  under  the  skin  in 
living  specimens  disappear  iu  cleared  specimens  and  have  no  external 
cornea.  The  sac-like  females,  when  they  have  reached  full  size  and  have 
cast  off  their  mouth  bristles,  undergo  still  another  metamorphosis,  in 
which  they  regain  legs  and  antenna1,  but  lose  all  the  organs  of  nutri- 
tion. The  female  iu  this  ultimate  stage  has  a  well-segmented  body, 
rounded  behind  and  sparsely  clothed  with  hairs.  The  antenna'  are  long 
and  nine-jointed:  the  legs  are  large  and  strong  and  of  the  normal  adult 
type.  There  is  uo  trace  of  mouth  parts  or  of  anal  tube.  The  adult  is 
thus  an  ordinary  monophlebid.  It  is  capable  of  locomotion  and  does 
occasionally  wander  about.  But  ordinarily  it  is  unable  to  leave  its  cell 
in  the  bark,  and  does  not  entirely  free  itself  from  the  skin  of  the  pre 
ceding  stage,  but  merely  ruptures  the  inclosing  sac,  shoves  otl"  the 
pygidial  cap  with  its  accumulations  of  wax,  and  presents  the  end  of  its 
body  at  the  crevice  in  the  bark  for  the  reception  of  the  male.  After 
fecundation  eggs  are  deposited  and  are  collected  beneath  the  body  of 


16 

the  mother  in  an  external  cavity  formed  by  the  collapse  of  the  ventral 
skin  into  the  depleted  abdomen.  The  larva  in  hatching  leaves  behind 
both  the  eggshell  and  an  embryonic  pellicle  (amnion?).  As  the  partu- 
rient mother  may  be  wholly  inclosed  within  the  inflated  skin  of  the  sec- 
ond stage,  the  young  frequently  appear  to  issue  from  this  form  of  the 
female,  and  it  is  easy  to  understand  that  with  scanty  material  and  lim- 
ited opportunity  for  observation  the  adult  female  might  wholly  escape 
discovery  and  the  sac-like  female  of  the  second  stage  be  pronounced  a 
mature  viviparous  insect. 

The  newly-hatched  larva  is  of  a  highly  organized  type.  Its  thoracic 
segments  are  distinct,  and  the  form  of  the  body  resembles  a  young 
Gimex.  The  end  of  the  abdomen  is  broadly  rounded,  without  tubercles 
or  long  trailing  hairs,  but  with  the  anal  tube  projecting  slightly  beyond 
the  margin.  The  ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen  shows  a  median  row 
of  five  large  pores. 

The  young  in  both  sexes  form  their  waxen  cells  in  a  similar  manner; 
but  the  males  never  form  pits,  and  are  apt  to  assemble  in  the  vicinity 
of  some  older  female  and  establish  themselves  under  the  protection  of 
her  accumulations  of  wax.  After  the  first  molt  the  females  lose  their 
legs  and  antennae  and  assume  the  sac-like  form  already  described.  The 
female  undergoes  four  molts  and  has  five  stages,  of  which  the  larva 
and  the  adult  are  active  and  possess  legs  and  antenna.  The  three 
intermediate  stages  are  stationary  and  differ  from  each  other  only  in 
minute  details  of  internal  structure. 

The  male  undergoes  five  molts  and  has  six  stages,  in  all  of  which, 
except  in  the  third,  it  possesses  legs  and  antennae.  After  the  casting 
of  the  first  larval  skin  the  young  male  lives  and  feeds  like  the  female, 
surrounded  by  a  wall  of  wax.  In  this  form  it  possesses  well-formed 
legs  and  antennae  and  has  external  eyes.  It  produces  honey  dew  and 
abundant  wax,  and  forms  a  long  waxen  thread  from  a  tubular  anal 
spinneret.  With  the  second  molt  the  legs  and  antennae  disappear,  and 
the  insect  resembles  a  female  of  the  second  stage. 

With  the  casting  of  the  apodous  skin  at  the  third  molt  the  coccid 
regains  both  legs  and  antennae,  but  loses  its  rostrum.  In  this  fourth 
stage,  which  may  be  called  the  first  nymph  of  the  male,  the  animal 
leaves  its  waxen  cyst  and  wanders  about.  It  is  red  in  color  and  resem- 
bles a  young  Dactylopius  in  general  appearance.  Little  tesselations  of 
cottony  wax  soon  arise  all  over  the  body,  which  becomes  covered  with  a 
loose  flocculent  follicle,  in  which  the  insect  rests  until  ready  for  the 
fourth  molt.  It  then  breaks  out  of  its  covering  and  casts  its  skin 
under  some  sheltering  fragments  of  bark.  The  new  form  which  now 
appears,  the  fifth,  is  a  true  nymph,  with  wing  pads  and  a  polygonal 
protuberance  at  the  end  of  the  body  inclosing  the  rudimentary  geni- 
tal organ.  This  second  nymph,  after  wandering  free  for  a  time,  in  its 
turn  covers  itself  with  a  cottony  follicle,  out  of  which  it  breaks  again 
to  cast  the  last  skin  and  transform  to  the  winged  male.    This  last  form 


17 

has  been  bred  bj  Mr,  Pergandeand  Is  a  marvelously  beautiful  in 
irith  two  large  abdominal  brushes  wbicfa  II  spreads  like  ihe  tailol  a 
peacock,  it  has  prominent  faceted  eyes, a  Long, slender  penis, and  four 
hooks  on  the  rudimentary  hind  wing,  its  structure  la  that  of  .1  male 
Colostoma.  The  transformations  to  the  adull  stage  In  both  sexes 
probably  take  place  in  the  spring  and  early  summer,  in  the  winter 
the  only  living  forms  to  be  found  are  In  the  encysted  stages  undei  tin- 
bark .    The  insect  lias  at  this  lime  a  disagreeable  odor  of  raucid  tat. 

These  remarkable  transformations  are  do!  without  parallel  in  the 
OoccidsB,  although  tin-  full  lite  bistorj  has  uever,  to  my  knowledge, 
been  worked  out  in  any  allied  form.    In  Porphyrophora  and  Biarga- 

rodee  there  is  a  similar  retreat    into  an  enr\Me<l  Stage,  with  reappear 

ance of  the  organs  of  locomotion  in  the  adult  female  when  it  breaks 

forth  from  its  Mibterranean  pearl.  The  transformations  of  the  male  in 
these  genera  have  never  been  made  known  and  the  winged  male  is 
known  in  Porphyrophora  only.  In  certain  forms  from  New  Zealand 
and  Australia,  for  which  Masked  erected  the  genus  Colostoma,  very 
similar  changes  occur  in  the  female  series,  although  I  am  not  sine  that 
in  any  of  the  described  species  a  complete  absence  of  all  Legs  and 
antenme  has  been  noted.  In  Colostoma  zealandicum,  the  type  of  the 
genus,  described  in  Trans.  X.  Zealand  Institute  for  1879  (Vol.  XII, p. 
294),  and  also  in  the  same  Transactions  for  1881  (p.  220)  and  1883 
(p.  141),  Maskell  describes  the  second  stage  of  the  female  as  having 
partially  atrophied  feet  and  antenme;  and  in  his  CoccidsB  of  Xew  Zea- 
land I  Plate  XX)  he  figures  a  spiracle  of  the  female  with  a  constricted 
neck  and  ring  of  pores,  and  also  an  anal  kt  honey-dew  organ,"  which 
evidently  has  a  similar  construction  to  that  seen  in  our  coccid  from 
birch.  Again,  in  the  New  Zealand  Transactions  for  1889  (p.  153),  Mas- 
kell describes  and  figures  (PI.  IX,  rigs.  19-22)  precisely  similar  internal 
organs  in  Gcelostoma  assimile,  and  states  that  the  female  of  the  second 
stage  is  globular,  with  conical  four-jointed  antenme  and  without  feet. 
The  insect  in  this  stage  is  covered  with  a  hard  waxy  test,  and  is  found 
in  the  axils  of  twigs  of  Fagus.  Finally,  in  1882,  F.  Loew  (Verhandl. 
d.  k.  k.  Zool.-Bot.  Ges.,  Band  XXXII,  Taf.  XVI)  describes  and  figures 
under  the  name  Xylococcus  filiferus  a  coccid  which  he  found  buried  in 
pits  in  the  axils  of  twigs  or  buds  of  linden  at  Baden,  Austria.  His 
figures  indicate  a  form  very  closely  allied  and  probably  congeneric  with 
the  birch  coccid  of  which  we  have  been  treating.  But  in  his  descrip- 
tion Loew  considers  as  the  mature  stage  what  is  evidently  one  of  the 
legless  intermediate  forms  of  the  female,  and  details  the  issuing  of 
the  young  from  this  form  as  from  a  viviparous  adult.  The  manner  in 
which  this  mistake  may  have  been  made  and  the  true  egg-producing 
female  overlooked  has  been  sufficiently  indicated  above.  Loew  more- 
over figures  and  describes  as  the  second  stage  of  the  female  a  form 
having  antenme,  but  with  legs  represented  by  coxa-  and  trochanters, 
which  corresponds  in  every  respect  to  the  encysted  second  larva  of  the 
8193— Xo.  18 2 


18 

male  from  which  the  legs  have  been  lost  in  mounting  the  specimen,  a 
mutilation  which  our  experience  with  the  birch  coccicl  shows  is  very 
likely  to  take  place. 

In  view  of  the  close  coincidence  in  such  details  as  are  given  by  Loew 
between  Xyloeoecus  ji  lifer  us  and  the  coccid  described  in  these  pages  I 
have  no  doubt  whatever  that  the  same  transformations  will  be  found  to 
occur  in  both,  and  that  our  coccid  of  the  birch  is  a  species  of  Xyloeoecus. 
The  remarkable  tubular  ninth  segment,  which  in  Ccelostoma  Maskell 
calls  a  honey-dew  organ,  is  a  character  which  will  probably  unite  those 
coccids  which  are  found  to  possess  it  in  the  same  subfamily  and  iudi- 
cates  an  approach  to  the  Lecaninse,  in  which  the  ninth  segment  is  also 
internal  and  similarly  modified.  In  the  Lecanimp.  however,  the  penulti- 
mate segment  is  also  modified  and  transformed  into  the  two  aual 
valves,  and  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  terminates  the  body  behind. 
Many  interesting  suggestions  arise  as  to  the  affinities  between  these 
coccids  and  the  lac  insects  (Carteria.  etc.),  which  approach  yet  more 
closely  to  the  Lecanid  type,  and  on  the  other  hand  as  to  their  relation- 
ship with  the  Monophlebids,  which  are  supposed  to  have  no  modified 
anal  segment  and  the  ninth  segment  terminal  in  all  stages. 

It  is  apparent,  however,  that  in  Xyloeoecus  and  Ccelostoma  we  have 
to  do  with  a  subfamily  of  Goccidae  not  hitherto  recognized,  and  to  which 
no  doubt  will  be  added  other  genera  at  present  included  in  the  hetero- 
geneous division  Brachyscelida?  and  also  in  the  Monophlebinae.  Our 
knowledge  of  the  metamorphoses  in  these  exotic  insects  is  in  almost 
every  case  quite  incomplete.  In  many  the  intermediate  stages  remain 
unknown. 

Since  the  foregoing  pages  were  written  Mr.  Pergande  has  continued 
the  observations  which  we  began  in  common,  and,  with  the  acuteness  of 
research  which  characterizes  him,  has  discovered  an  additional  stage 
in  each  sex,  the  most  noteworthy  being  the  legless  third  stage  in  the 
male  series.  Through  his  courtesy  I  have  been  enabled  to  correct  my 
preliminary  notice  to  correspond  with  his  detailed  descriptive  paper 
which  follows. 

Part  II.— By  Th.  Pergaxde. 

(Xyloeoecus  betula  Perg.) 

After  Mr.  Hubbard  and  I  had,  as  we  supposed,  concluded  our  obser- 
vations upon  the  transformations  of  this  very  remarkable  coccid.  I  was 
enabled,  by  further  study  of  the  living  material  at  hand,  to  recognize 
an  additional  stage  in  each  of  the  two  sexes,  raising  those  of  the 
female  to  five  and  those  of  the  male  to  six  stages. 

In  our  preliminary  studies  some  apparently  slight  differences  had 
been  observed  in  what  we  considered  to  be  the  second  and  third  stages, 
but  we  supposed  them  to  be  simply  due  to  a  greater  or  less  develop- 
ment of  individual  specimens  of  the  female  series. 

Remarkable  as  the  changes  of  the  female  are.  those  of  the  male  are 
still  more  wonderful.    Up  to  a  short  time  ago  I  had  been  of  the  opinion 


19 

that  the  male  during  Its  successive  transformations  retained  both  Its 
antenna  aud  legs,  but  while  happening  one  daj  to  explore,  In  search 
of  t  lu>  mature  male,  a  jar  containing  two  sections  of  branches  <>t  birch, 

I  discos  ered  two  living  male  larva?,  one  of  the i  the  aci  of  casting 

Its  skin,  and  found  to  mj  surprise,  after  the  insect  had  beeu  extracted, 
thai  the  oast  skin  showed  all  the  characters  of  ;i  young  female  in  the 
second  Btage,  in  which  there  are  neither  antennae  nor  legs;  whereas  in 
the  form  which  bad  emerged  from  it  these  organs  were  highly  devel- 
oped. The  rostrum,  however,  had  beeu  lost.  Thisorgau  in  the  female 
is  present  in  all  Btages  except  the  last. 

Alter  examining  and  comparing  the  abundant  material  at  hand  of 
both  sexes,  l  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  thai  this  small  and  apodous 
form  of  the  male  is  the  third  Btage,  differing  from  the  second  Btage  of 
the  female  in  its  somewhat  larger  size,  the  darker  brown  color  of  the 

posterior  half  Of  the  body,  and  in  minor  characters. 

1  append  herewith  a  description  of  the  different  stages  of  the  two 
sexes,  including  the  e 

Xylococcus  betulcs  n.  sp. 

'Egg, — Length  O.C>mm  by  0.3I,,m  in  diameter;  regularly  oval,  highly 
polished,  and  of  a  pale  yellow  color. 

First  larva,  after  hatching* — Length  about  0.5""u  by  0..'Vn,n  across  the 
broadest  part  of  the  abdomen.  Color  orange-red,  the  eyes  purplish. 
Shape  cimiciform.  the  abdomen  very  broad  and  semicircular  behind. 
The  thoracic  and  three  or  four  anterior  segments  of  the  abdomen  are 
highly  developed,  whereas  the  remaining  segments  of  the  abdomen 
form  apparently  a  single  piece.  The  anal  or  excretory  tube  is  large, 
chitinous,  and  partly  projecting.  Antenna*  six-jointed,  very  short  and 
rather  stout;  joints  one  and  six  are  somewhat  the  longest  and  subequal 
in  length;  the  intermediate  joints  are  shorter  and  also  subequal  in 
length,  or  the  second  slightly  longer.  The  first  is  stoutest;  all  the 
others  diminish  gradually  in  diameter;  the  last  is  bluntly  rounded  at 
the  apex.  At  the  base  of  joint  five  externally  will  be  noticed  one  long 
and  stout,  blunt  and  curved,  spiue.  There  are  two  similar  spines  at 
the  base  of  the  last  joiut,  with  four  or  more  slender  capitate  hairs  and 
one  or  two  small  spines  at  its  apex,  two  or  three  of  these  hairs  being 
at  least  as  long  as  the  antenna1.  Eyes  large  and  placed  close  to  the 
antenna1.  Legs  long  and  stout;  the  tarsi  longer  than  the  tibiae;  digi- 
tizes capitate,  those  of  the  claw  somewhat  the  longest,  stoutest,  and 
curved  upwards.  Rostrum  large,  the  sucking  bristles  extremely  long. 
Each  abdominal  segment  is  provided  with  a  large  and  projecting  spir- 
acle and  a  pair  of  backward-directed  spines  each  Bide,  which  grow 
gradually  longer  toward  the  end  of  the  body;  in  addition,  a  number  of 
stout  spines  surround  the  anal  tube.  There  is  also  a  rather  long  bristle 
each  side  of  the  seventh  segment.     (See  tig.  2,  a.) 

When  the  larvae  are  about  to  cast  their  first  skin  they  measure  nearly 


20 

0.9mm  in  length  by  0.6mra  in  diameter,  those  of  the  male  being  slightly 
smaller.  Their  shape  has  also  considerably  changed;  they  are  now  of 
a  regularly  oval  form,  and  are  stoutest  anteriorly. 

The  cast  skins  (fig.  2,  d)  are  pale  yellowish,  with  the  last  three  seg 
ments  yellowish-brown  and  the  anal  tube  dark  brown.  They  present 
the  following  characters: 

The  rostrum  is  very  large,  distinctly  two-jointed,  and  situated  at 
about  the  middle  of  the  body.  The  orifices  of  the  stigmata  are  very 
large  and  circular,  their  internal  prolongation  about  twice  the  length 
of  their  diameter,  with  the  external  half  cylindrical  constricted  at  the 
inner  end,  while  that  part  beyond  the  constriction  is  obconic  or  funnel 
shaped  and  connected  with  tracheae,  running  parallel  with  the  sides  of 
the  body.  On  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen  and  in  front  of  the  anal 
tube  maybe  observed  a  median  row  of  five  large  pores,  and  similar 
pores,  together  with  numerous  smaller  ones,  on  the  upper  side  of  the 


a  e  & 

Fig.  2. — Xylococcus  betulce:  a,  first  larva,  male,  female,  ventral  view;  b,  antenna;  c,  tarsus;  d,  cast 
skin  of  first  larva — a  and  d  much  enlarged,  b  and  c,  more  enlarged  (original). 


two  last  segments  and  along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen;  there  are  also 
numerous  rows  of  minute  sharp  points  on  the  dorsum  of  the  six  anterior 
segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  in  addition  a  row  of  sparsely  set  short 
and  backward-directed  spines,  all  of  which  arise  from  small  tubercles. 
The  cephalic  and  thoracic  segments  appear  to  be  smooth  and  without 
pores.  There  seems  to  be  no  appreciable  difference  between  the  sexes, 
except  that  the  male  larva3  are  slightly  smaller. 

In  fig.  3,  a  and  b  respectively,  are  shown  enlarged  ventral  and 
dorsal  views  of  the  end  of  the  body  of  the  female.  At  c,  a  stigma  is 
figured  highly  magnified. 

Female,  second  stage  (fig.  6,  a). — In  this,  as  well  as  in  all  the  following 
stages,  except  the  last,  the  legs  and  antennas  are  completely  lost.  All 
these  stages  are  of  an  orange  color,  with  the  end  of  the  body  of  a 
lighter  or  darker  brown  ;  the  eyes  are  minute  and  blackish;  their  bodies 
are  ovoid,  somewhat  broadest  anteriorly,  quite  hat  or  slightly  convex, 
smooth  and  shining,  and  without  any  apparent   segmentation.     The 


21 


fully  grown  larvae  <>i  the  second  stage  measure  about   i.  »      in  length 
i»\  0.9      in  diameter. 

The  oast  skill  Is  almost  colorless,  exoept  the  last  three  or  four 
ments  of  the  abdomen,  which  an-  pale  yellowish  brown,  the  anal  t  n  l  >** 
being  darkest.     The  Bur 
t.i  eof  i  he  body  is  densely 
and  finely  granulated,  the 
granulation    being    some 
w  hat  coarsest  around  the 
tube.     See  fig.   i.    There 
an-  also  small  pores  scat 
tered  over  the  body,  inter- 
mixed with  a  Pew   larger 
ones  on  the  last  four  seg- 
ments, «  hich  bear  also  a 
Fe  w     backward  -  directed 
.spines.     The  internal  Rtig 

niatal  tubes  are  now  three 
times  the  length  of  those 

in  the  first  stage:  the  out- 
er two-thirds  or  more  is 
cylindrical  and  finely  and 
densely  aniiulated;  the 
inner  end  of  the  tube  is 
bell  shaped,  and  ill  the  con- 
striction or  neck  of  the 
tube  may  be  observed  a 
transverse    row   of   large 

pores:  the  stigmata!  tube  is  connected  with  the  tracheae  by  a  rather 
Ion-,  aniiulated  and  bifurcate  duct,  of  whicli  one  branch  is  longer  than 
the  other. 

Female,  third  stage  {fi<j.  6,  b). — The  mature  larva  of  this  form  meas- 
ures about  ()._!"""  in  length  by  1.4mm  in  diameter, 
and  is  very  similar  in  appearance  to  the  previ- 
ous stage. 

The  cast  skin  is  also  colorless,  except  the  two 

last  segments,  which  are  pale  brownish-yellow. 

The  pores  are  of  two  sizes  and  very  numerous 

on  the  abdomen  and  also  around   the  margins 

of  the  cephalic  and  thoracic  segments.      The 

surface    appears    to    be    smooth    and    without 

granulations   except  on  the  last  two  segments. 

which  bear  also  a  number  of  stout  spines  each. side  of  the  anal  tube. 

§eefig.    .      The  stigmata!  tubes  are  similar  to  those  in  the  previous 

stage,  except  that  they  are  longer,  ami  there  are  now  two  rows  of  pores 

in  the  constriction  or  neck. 


Fig.  3. — Xylococcus  betuUe:  a,  ventral  view  of  end  of  body  <>f 
female;  b,  dorsal  view  of  same;  e,  stigma,  all  much  enlarged 

(original). 


t.  XyloCOCCtU  br  (  u  I  if  : 
dorsal  view  oi  end  of  body  ot 
so<-niid  stage— much  enlarged 
(original). 


22 

Female,  fourth  stage  (Jig.  6,  e). — Length  4mm  to  5mm  by  about  2mm  in 
diameter  anteriorly.  In  the  cast  skin  of  this  final  larva  the  surface  is 
again  densely  and  distinctly  granulated,  especially  so  on  the  last  three 
segments,  which  are  now  of  a  rather  dark  brownish -yellow  color.  The 
pores  have  become  still  more  numerous  and  are  arranged  in  irregular 


M  o       ° 


o° 

o° 

o;'       0    0-Q'n 

flai       oo 

°         r>°-  ° 

Jifc  °°° 

°'°            ho 

wgm    o 

CO      <b    °O0. 

dip     o      *•• 

ffSslt      o 

Fig.  5. — Xylococcus  betulce:  a.  Ventral  view  of  end  of  body  of  third  stage  at  left.    b.  Dorsal  view  of 
end  of  body  of  fourth  stage  at  right— both  much  enlarged  (original). 

bauds  across  the  abdominal  segments,  becoming  most  dense  and  more 
irregular  on  the  three  last  segments;  some  of  the  pores  around  the 
margin  and  end  of  the  body  are  of  complex  structure;  a  pair  of  large 
pores  being  surrounded  by  a  ring  composed  of  numerous  minute  pores. 


sUlnmnliiJHj1iJ'lnJlLI;)Ml/..,,i;llltiil!^l!Mlir 

9 

Fig.  6.— Xylococcus  betulce:  a,  female,  second  stage;  fc,  female,  third  stage;  c,  female,  fourth  stage;  d, 
anal  tube  showing  internal  structure;  e,  compound  and  simple  pores  of  end  of  body;  /,  stigmatal 
tubes  and  tracheae ;  g,  bit  of  same  more  enlarged— a,  6,  c,  greatly  enlarged :  d,  /,  more  enlarged ;  e,  g, 
still  more  enlarged  (original). 

Similar  compound  pores  were  also  observed  in  the  second  and  third 
stage.  The  stigmatal  tubes  are  now  about  one-third  longer  than  in 
the  third  stage,  while  in  the  constriction  there  are  from  two  to  three 
rows  of  pores.    There  now  appears,  placed  medio- veutrally  in  the  region 


28 


betweeu  the  fourth  and  fifth  pain  of  stigmata,  ■  bro*  tiiah  01  pan,  prob 
ai»i>  the  iiini>.  represented  bj  two  backward-directed  pointed  pro 
w nil  an  oval  opening  in  front  of  them. 

Adult  femaU  fig.7).  Length  1  bj  -  In  diameter;  color,  when 
living,  bright  orange;  eyes  minute  and  purplish-brown.  The  bodj  Is 
elongated,  elliptical,  with  both  ends  rounded;  under  side  of  the  abdo- 
men concave,  its  lateral  margins  re  volute;  the  dorsum  convex.  -Ml 
the  segments  arc  well  defined,  The  an.  1 1  opening  is  simple,  situated  on 
the  under  side  of  the  abdomen,  close  to  the  concavity,  and  with  diffi- 
culty to  be  seen.  The  rostrum  is  wanting.  Legs  -tout  and  ratner 
short;  tarsi  shorter  than  tibiae;  the digitules simple.  A.ntenna  stout 
and  nine,  jointed  :  t  lie  fust  joint  is  the  longest  and  much  the  BtOUtest, 
being  nearly  twice  the  diameter  of  the  second  joint;  joint  two  is 
Blightly  longer  than  the  last  one  and  cylindrical:  joints  three  to  eight 
aresubequal  in  length,  of  nearly  the  same 
diameter  and  somewhat  stoutest  near  the 
apex,  where  they  bear  a  fringe  Of  filie  hairs, 
which  grows  gradually  longer  toward  the 
end  of  the  antenna-:  the  last  joint  is 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  bears  three  or 
four  tine  hairs  and  the  same  number  of 
slender  spines.  The  body  is  covered  with 
short  and  stiff  brownish  hairs,  which 
are  stoutest  and  most  dense  at  the  end 
ot  the  abdomen.  The  pores  are  small  and 
scattered.  The  stigmata!  tubes  are  sini- 
similar  to  those  in  the  previous  stages. 
(See  figs.  7,  a,  adult  female  and  b  an- 
tenna of  same.) 

Male. — The  young  larva-  of  this  sex  re- 
semble those  of  the  female  in  every  respect, 
except  that  they  are  a  little  smaller. 

Male,  second  stage. — Length  about  1.9mni  by  about  l11"11  across  the 
thorax.  Color  quite  dark  orange.  The  thorax,  as  well  as  the  abdomen, 
is  distinctly  segmented;  sides  of  the  abdomen  parallel,  broadly 
rounded  behind;  head  and  thorax  combined  about  one-third  longer 
than  the  abdomen,  the  mesothorax  being  the  largest.  Antenna'  seven- 
jointed,  short,  stout,  and  moderately  tapering;  first  joint  longest  and 
stoutest,  the  second  joint  shortest:  three  to  six  subequal  in  length  and 
somewhat  longer  than  the  second,  the  seventh  about  as  long  as  the  two 
preceding  united,  and  bluntly  rounded  at  tip;  all  bear  long  and  tine 
hairs  about  the  apex,  and  the  seventh,  in  addition,  a  number  of  stout 
spines.  Legs  long  and  stout,  the  tarsi  shorter  than  the  tibiae,  the  digi- 
tules tine  and  hair-like.  There  appear  to  be  numerous  hairs  scattered 
over  the  body,  most  dense  around  the  end  of  the  abdomen. 

Male,  third  staije. — In  changing  to  this  form  the  larva  loses  both  the 


Fig.  7 .—Xylococcus   betulce:    a,    adult 
female,  seen  from  below,  uracil  en- 
larged; b.  antenna  of  same  mo 
larged  (original). 


24 

legs  and  antennae  and  assumes  the  apodous  type  of  the  female  in  its 
second  stage,  differing,  however,  from  the  latter  more  particularly  in 
its  more  elongate  form  and  in  the  much  darker  brown  color  of  the  end 
of  the  body,  which  coloration  here  extends  over  the  last  six  segments. 
It  measures  now  about  2mm  in  length  by  0.8mm  in  diameter  at  the 
anterior  end.  The  last  six  segments  in  the  cast  skin  are  yellowish- 
brown,  becoming  darker  toward  the  end,  and  all  are  densely  covered 
with  small  sharp  points.  Pores  and  stigmatal  tubes  similar  to  those 
of  the  female  in  the  second  stage. 

Male,  fourth  stage, — This  stage,  upon  casting  its  apodous  skin,  which 
act  I  fortunately  observed,  regains  its  legs  and  antennae,  but  loses 
its  rostrum.  Its  length  is  2.6mm  by  lmm  in  diameter.  Color  orange, 
with  legs  and  antenna?  somewhat  paler.  Eyes  dark  purplish,  rather 
large,  and  placed  close  to  the  antenna?  on  the  under  side  of  the  head. 
Shape  elliptical,  rounded  at  both  ends.  All  the  segments  are  well 
developed,  and  the  combined  head  and  thorax  is  longer  than  the 
abdomen.  The  mesothorax  now  shows  traces  of  the  future  wingpads. 
In  the  recently  emerged  larva  of  this  stage  the  front -of  the  head  is 
simply  convex,  but  becomes  more  or  less  prominently  conical  with 
advancing  age.  The  legs  are  rather  long  and  stout,  with  the  digitules 
fine  and  hair-like.  The  whole  body  is  sparsely  covered  with  brownish 
hairs,  which  grow  more  numerous  and  longer  around  the  end  of  the 
body.  Antenna?  nine-jointed,  although  in  the  recently  emerged  larva 
the  division  between  the  second  and  third  joint  is  not  strongly  marked. 
Joint  one  is  stoutest;  all  the  others  diminish  gradually  in  diameter. 
The  three  basal  joints  are  longest,  and  nearly  subequal  in  length;  the 
following  five  joints  are  shortest,  subequal  in  length,  and  somewhat 
stouter  at  the  apex.  The  last  joint  is  somewhat  longer  than  the  eighth,, 
cylindrical,  and  rounded  at  the  apex.  All  bear  a  few  fine  hairs,  which 
grow  gradually  longer  toward  the  end;  the  last  joint  bears  also  a  few 
short  spines  at  the  apex. 

Male,  pupa,  or  fifth  stage. — The  cast  skin  only  has  thus  far  been 
observed.  It  measured  about  1.4mm  in  length.  Its  color  is  orange, 
with  antenna?  and  legs  dusky;  the  antenna?  annulated  with  white. 
Antenna?  nine-jointed,  very  long  and  stout,  cylindrical  and  of  equal 
diameter,  reachiug  to  the  abdomen;  joint  one  is  slightly  stouter  than 
the  rest,  but  all  are  subequal  in  length;  the  last  is  bluntly  rounded  at 
the  apex;  all  are  destitute  of  hairs  or  spines.  Wing  pads  very  broad, 
reaching  beyond  hind  coxa?.  Legs  very  long  and  stout;  the  tarsi  about 
one-third  the  length  of  the  tibia,  and  apparently  without  a  claw. 

Male,  imago  (fig.  8). — Length  about  2mra;  length  of  wings  2.4mm  by 
0.8ram  broad;  expanse  5mm.  General  color  red,  with  the  under  side  of 
the  abdomen  brown ;  the  two  basal  joints  of  the  antenna?  reddisn,  and 
the  last  three  or  four  joints  yellow,  the  intermediate  joints  black. 
Eyes,  legs,  mesothorax  above,  the  mesosternal  and  metasternal  plate,  a 
curved  line  each  side  of  the  prothorax,  as  also  two  converging  lines  in 


25 

trout  of  it,  and  a  median  line  on  iinder  side,  the  borders  of  the  scutellum 
and  media  n  line  of  the  :  i  i  m  i « >  1 1 1 « - 1 1  all  Mark ;  median  line  of  the  bead  and 
eight  transverse  bands  on  dorsum  of  abdomen  dusky.  Wlngscinere 
mis,  the  costal  Bpace  fuliginous,  the  veins  blackish;  a  streak  Deai  the 
diacoidal  vein  in  front  and  a  narrow  oblique  streak  behind  the  vein 
colorless.  There  appears  i<>  be  Beveral  branches  t<>  the  discoidal  vein, 
which  however  gradually  disappear  in  the  mounted  specimens.  Sur 
tacc  of  the  wings  Irregularly  reticulated.  Posterior  wings  present, 
though  small,  and  broadly  ^shaped,  bearing  tour  Btout  books  at  the 
apex. 

Antenna'  ten  jointed,  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.     Joint 
three  is  longest  and  somewhat  stouter  at  the*  apex;  the  joints  following 


Fig.  8.— Xylococcxm  bctirfce :  a,  antenna  of  male,  second  stage;  b,  male  larva,  fourth  stage;  c,  antenna  of 
male,  fourth  stage;  d,pnpa  skin;  c,  male  imago, dorsal  view:  /, male. side  view;   g, end  of  body. of 

male,  with  sexnal  organ  :  h,  hind-wing  of  male— all  much  enlarged  (original). 

are  cylindrical  and  diminish  gradually  in  length;  the  first  joint  is 
stoutest  aud  shortest,  the  second  joint  somewhat  longer;  all  are  pro- 
vided with  rather  long  and  fine,  irregularly  arranged  hairs.  Byes 
large,  projecting,  and  quite  coarsely  facetted.  Legs  long  and  quite 
stout;  the  tibia'  hairy:  tarsi  two-jointed,  the  first  joint  minute,  though 
distinct;  digitules  extremely  fine.  Style  short,  stout,  conical.  The 
sexual  organ  is  at  least  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  stout,  and  densely 
covered  with  forward-directed,  lanceolate  scales.  The  insect  is  cov- 
ered above  with  a  short  and  wool-like  excretion,  while  the  sixth  and 
seventh  abdominal  segments  bear  each  a  dense,  transverse,  dorsal 
brush  of  delicate,  white,  and  hair-like  threads,  exceeding  the  abdomen 


26 

in  length.    These  brushes  are  raised  arid  spread  out  when  the  insect 
is  touched.     (Fig.  8.) 

In  studying  this  remarkable  insect  and  comparing  its  characters 
with  those  of  the  various  subfamilies  hitherto  described,  I  have  been 
greatly  puzzled  to  refer  it  to  its  proper  position.  On  the  one  hand,  it 
is  closely  related  to  the  genus  Ccelostoina,  though  very  different  in  all 
its  characters  from  other  Monophlebinae,  at  least  as  far  as  the  genera 
Alonophlebus  and  leery  a  are  concerned,  while  on  the  other  hand  there 
appears  to  be  also  a  relationship  with  certain  genera  of  the  Brachys- 
celinse,  and  at  the  same  time  a  wide  divergence  from  the  genus 
Brachyscelis  itself,  the  characters  of  which,  as  represented  in  Brachys- 
cells  coniea,  I  have  had  the  opportunity  to  examine  in  a  female.  These 
considerations  place  it  undoubtedly  in  the  Acanthococcidae,  somewhere 
near  the  genus  Eriococcus.  These  acanthococcid  characters  of  Bra- 
chyscelis conica  are  the  large  and  distinct  anal  ring,  surrounded  by 
numerous  long  and  stout  bristles,  and  the  abnormally  elongated  and 
slender  anal  tubercles. 

Since  the  characters  of  the  two  known  species  of  Xylococcus  and 
those  of  the  species  of  Ccelostoina  are  unique  and  unlike  those  of  all 
other  subfamilies  of  Coccida?,  as  far  as  known  to  me.  I  propose  to  erect 
for  the  accommodation  of  these  two  genera  the  subfamily  Xylococcina?, 
which  properly  may  be  placed  between  the  Monophlebina?  and  the 
Acanthococcina\  They  differ  from  the  Monophlebinre  in  the  absence 
of  legs  and  antennae  in  the  intermediate  stages  of  the  female  and  partly 
so  in  the  male:  the  absence  of  a  rostrum  in  the  mature  female;  the 
highly  developed  stigmata  of  the  abdominal  segments;  the  strongly 
chitinous  character  of  several  of  the  terminal  segments  of  the  abdomen, 
and  the  presence  of  a  highly  organized  and  chitinous  anal  tube,  which 
is  capable  of  being  projected  out  of  and  of  being  withdrawn  into  the 
body. 

In  the  true  Monophlebinre  the  legs  and  antenna^,  as  well  as  the  ros- 
trum, are  present  in  all  stages;  the  abdominal  stigmata  are  wanting 
or  not  observable:  the  end  of  the  body  is  not  chitinous;  the  anal  open- 
ing simple  and  the  anal  tube  absent. 

From  the  Coccime  they  differ  not  only  in  the  characters  mentioned 
above,  but  also  by  the  absence  of  anal  tubercles,  except  minute  ones  in 
the  young  larva?,  and  the  absence  of  a  true  anal  ring  with  its  accom- 
panying bristles. 

THE  PEACH  LECANIUM. 

{Lecanium  nigrofasciatum  n.  sp.) 

By  Theo.  Pergaxde. 

Lecanium  perineal  Mod.— Murtfeldt,  Bull.  32,  Div.  of  Ent.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1894, 
p.  41. 

Lecanium  jjersica.'  Mod. — Howard,  Yearbook  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1894  (1895),  p.  270. 

This  handsome  little  species  has  been  known  to  the  writer  since  1872, 
when  it  was  discovered  upon  peach  trees  at  Hillsboro,  Mo.,  and  since 


tin* 1 1  increased  steadily  ami  hart  been  spreading  gradually  <»\  ei  the  j»eacli 
orchards  of  the  Middle,  Southern,  and  Eastern  States  and  appeal     to 
be  al  present  m<»>i  abnndant  and  most  widelj  distributed  In  the  State 
of  Maryland,     w  I  lei  her  its  original  home  s  as  I  h<-  Bast  or  West  ia  dit 
licuit  to  ascertain,  though  ite  greater  abundance  in  the  tiei  ofSl 
bordering  the  Atlantic  seems  to  Indicate  that  its  original  borne  n  as  in 
the  region  south  <»t '  New  fork  and  aortli  <»i  the  Potomac  River  and  thai 
from  tii is  region  it  had  been  distributed  with  cuttings  and  young  b 
and  to  a  lesser  degree  through  the  agency  ot  birds  and  iusects,  over  all 
tin-  infested  regions. 

Until  recently  this  scale  has  been  considered  a  Bpeciflc  enemy  of  the 
peach,  but  while  Btudying  it  in  connection  with  the  Large  amount  of 
material  of  various  species  of  Leeanium  infesting  our  fruit  trees  as  well 
as  those  of  our  forest  trees  and  Bhrubs,  \\  hich  had  accumulated  dm  ing 
the  last  twenty  years  in  the  collection  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, I  was  struck  by  the  great  similarity  of  certain  small  scales,  dif- 
fering from  each  other  and  from  the  peach  scale  but  slightly  in  size  and 
general  appearance,  and  found,  after  preparations  and  examinations  of 
scales  from  various  plants  and  localities,  that  all  of 
them  belong  to  the  same  species  and  that  the  slight 
and  superficial  differences  appear  to  be  due  to  the 
difference  in  the  food  plant  on  which  they  were  living 
and  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  also  to  the  age  of  the 
specimens  when  found. 

Food-plants:  Most  frequently,  besides  on  the  peach, 
they  were  found  on  various  kinds  of  plum.  They  were  m  9.  _/,,,«,„„,•„,„ 
found  on  cultivated  plums  at  Kirkwood,  Mo.;  Chambers-  nigrqfa$eiatum: 
burg.  Pa.:  Newark,  Del.;  Harmons, Md., and  Knoxville,  Ta^UoX^.' 
Tenn.;  on  a  native  plum  at  Buina,  111.;  on  damson 
plum  at  Baltimore,  Md.;  Prunus  simonii  at  Waynesboro,  Pa. ;  and  on 
wild  goose  plum  at  Augusta,  Ga.  They  were  also  equally  common  on 
.leer  saecharinum  at  Boston,  Springfield,  Holyoke,  and  Deerfield,  Mass.: 
at  Poughkeepsie  and  Ithaca,  X.  Y.;  Paterson,  X.  J.;  Richmond,  Ohio, 
and  western  Ontario,  Canada.  At  Beading,  Mass.,  on  Acer  pseudo- 
platanus,  and  at  Pine  City,  Ga.,  on  Acer  rubrum-drummondi ;  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  on  apple,  and  at  Washington,  D.  0.,  on  Crataegus;  on  syc- 
amore at  Kirkwood,  Mo.;  on  Bumelia  and  Lindera  benzoin  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  on  olive  at  Crescent  City,  Fla.:  and  on  Vaccinium  at 
Manatee.  Fla. 

Considering  the  various  trees  and  shrubs  on  which  this  species  has 
been  found,  the  indications  seem  to  point  strongly  to  our  native  plums 
as  original  food  plants. 

Living  specimens,  when  being  crushed,  emit  a  disagreeable  odor. 

As  late  as  1895  this  species  has  been  considered  as  being  identical 
with  the  European  Lecanium  persica  Modeer,  but  in  order  to  settle  this 
important  point  definitely,  specimens  of  it  were  transmitted  through 


28 


tbe  Division  of  Entomology  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  the 
eminent  and  well-known  English  Ooccidologist,  Mr.  J.  W.  Douglas,  of 
Loudon,  England,  for  his  opinion.  He  kindly  examined  them  and  pro- 
nounced them  to  be  very  different  from  persicw  and  to  form  an  unde- 
scribed  species. 

The  life  history  of  this  scale  has  to  some  extent  been  studied  by  Miss 
Mary  Murtfeldt,  of  Kirkwood,  Mo.,  and  is  herewith  reproduced  from 
Bull.  No.  32,  Div.  of  Entom.  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  1894  (pages  42  and  43). 

Oil  May  2,  my  attention  was  called  by  a  friend  to  a  young  Lombard  plum  in  bis 
garden,  which  exbibited  tbe  worst  case  of  attack  yet  seen — probably  the  unchecked 
development  of  several  seasons.  Tbe  twigs  and  smaller  branches  were  absolutely 
incrusted  on  all  sides  with  the  Coccids,  presenting  +o  other  than  entomological  eyes, 
a  repulsive  spectacle.  Even  at  this  late  date  segregation  had  not  taken  place.  By 
the  20th  of  the  month,  however,  the  eggs  were  fully  formed  and  every  scale  was 
crowded  with  them.  The  egg  is  broad,  oblong  in  form,  0.5mm  in  length,  pale  yellow 
in  color,  and  in  the  mass  quite  free  and  granular.  Hatching  began  June  10  and  con- 
tinued for  nearly  a  month.  The  young  larva?  were  the  largest  species  yet  observed, 
very  fiat,  uniformly  pale  yellow,  the  carapace  being 
indicated  by  a  very  thin  lateral  rim.  The  legs  were 
rather  long  and  well  developed.  Antennae  five  or  six 
jointed,  one-half  the  length  of  the  body.  By  July  15 
hatching  was  completed,  and  in  the  meantime,  those 
first  hatched,  of  which  a  part  were  separated  and  kept 
on  fresh  twigs  in  the  rearing  jar,  had  nearly  all  become 
stationary  on  the  leaves  and  transformed  to  male  pupae. 
Twigs  brought  me  from  the  tree  at  this  date  had  the 
foliage  covered  with  the  young  in  all  stages,  the  ma- 
jority being  still  in  a  state  of  great  activity,  resembling 
in  general  appearance  and  in  the  peculiar  wavy  motion 
when  crawling  a  myriad  of  small  Tingitids.  The  sexes 
were  undistinguishable.  The  mature  larval  scale  is 
about  2mm  in  length,  slightly  convex,  of  a  translucent 
greenish- white  color.  Two  converging  carina?  inclose  a 
narrow  flat  dorsal  space,  from  which  a  border,  divided 
into  six  or  seven  panes,  by  similar,  though  finer,  opaque,  white  ridges,  slopes 
slightly  on  all  sides.  Under  the  scales,  which  were  stationary,  and  which  in  no 
respect  differed  from  those  that  were  still  moving  about  over  leaves  and  twigs,  were 
found  male  pupae  entirely  detached  and  displaying  wing  pads  and  other  members  as 
seen  in  nymphae  of  the  higher  Hemiptera. 

On  the  22d  of  July  winged  males  appeared  in  the  rearing  jar,  the  pupal  period 
being  about  one  week.  In  this  stage,  also,  the  insect  is  beautiful,  with  filmy, 
iridescent  wings  expanding  4mm;  body  rose  red,  with  some  dark  brown  shadings 
about  the  head  and  tip  of  the  abdomen,  and  an  especially  distinct,  dark-brown, 
transverse  thoracic  band.  August  10  hundreds  of  winged  males,  fresh  pupae,  and 
active  larvae  were  still  found  on  the  leaves.  The  act  of  copulation  did  not  come 
under  my  eye,  although  the  winged  forms  continually  fluttered  over  those  that 
were  crawling.  The  life  of  the  male  seems  to  be  of  about  a  week's  duration.  My 
observations  on  this  insect  were  interrupted  by  absence  from  home  from  the  middle 
of  the  month  until  the  5th  of  September,  when  I  found  that  the  males  had  disap- 
peared and  that  the  females  had  attached  themselves  to  the  bark  of  such  twigs  as 
still  retained  a  measure  of  vigor.  The  scales  were  about  one-half  grown,  had  dark- 
ened, thickened,  and  become  centrally  elevated.  As  in  all  scales,  growth  by  the 
exudation  of  waxy  material  around  the  margin  was  slowly  progressing.    At  the 


Fig.  10. — Lecanuim  nigrofas- 
ciatum:  antenna  at  left ;  leg 
at  right — much  enlarged 
(original). 


29 

!.«m   10   iii--  toalet   n,-  not  in ih  hi  kwo-thirds  the itse  thai 

tii.-s  u.i.   ImI  \..m.  and  not  nearlj  w  nnmeroat,  and  drop  wuilj  from  H"    ' 
upon  whi.ii  the  blaoh  fangaa  hM  appeared     I  bit  li  irerj  likelj  due  to  the  debilitj 
of  the  tree,  vrhioh  will  scaroelj  Borriye  the  w  mi 

Ml. Si    Kl  PTIOK     "1       \l»l    I    I      I   |.M  \  II   . 

The  adult  female  Bg.  9)  is  from  3""  to  A long  bj  2.6B™  In  diameter, 

and  about  2nui,higb,  It  is  slightly  broadest  posteriorly, hemispherical, 
highly  polished,  and  it'  not  robbed  is  Been  to  be  covered  with  a  very 
delicate,  transparent,  and  glossy  or  waxy  excretion,  There  are  appar- 
ently twelve  more  <>r  Less  distinct  and  radiating  ridges  cadi  side,  which 
arc  most  noticeable  around  the  margin  of  the  body  and  Btarting  at 
some  distance  from  the  disk  of  the  scale  those  of  the  thoracic  segments 
being  generally  more  highly  developed.  The  disk  or  medio-dorsal  at  ripe 
is  smooth  or  but  faintly  rugose.  The  general  color  is  of  a  lighter  or 
darker  red.  with  a  broader  or  narrower  blackish  subdorsal  band  sur- 
rounding the  disk  composed  of  confluent  spots,  and  a  marginal  row 
of  elongated  squarish  spots  or  bands  between  the  ridges  of  the  same 
dark  color,  which  frequently  extend  to  the  subdorsal  band,  which  give 
to  them  a  peculiarly  pretty  appearance.  Frequently  they  may  be 
entirely  black,  with  the  exception  of  the  median  stripe,  or  they  may 
be  entirely  red,  with  but  faint  traces  of  darker  shadings  or  markings, 
while  in  dry  specimens  all  the  markings  disappear  entirely. 

Alter  boiling  them  in  potash  they  become  almost  colorless  or  of  a 
pale  brownish  yellow,  while  the  fluid  turns  to  a  pale  purplish  color. 
The  anal  plates  and  a  broad  margin  around  the  anal  opening  are  darker 
and  of  a  yellowish  brown. 

Owing  to  the  extreme  transparency  of  the  derm  after  boiling,  the 
pores  become  invisible,  except  a  medio-dorsal  row  of  irregularly  ar- 
ranged pores,  reaching  from  near  the  end  of  the  body  to  or  beyond  the 
region  of  the  median  pair  of  legs.  The  marginal  spines  are  rather 
small  and  sparsely  set,  with  three  longer  ones,  of  which  the  median  one 
is  much  the  longest  in  the  lateral  angles  of  the  thorax.  The  antenna' 
(see  tig.  10)  are  six-jointed  and  about  0.20  of  a  millimeter  in  length,  the 
third  joint  being  much  the  longest  and  about  as  long  as  the  last  three 
joints  combined;  the  second  follows  next  in  length,  then  the  sixth  and 
first,  while  the  fourth  and  fifth  are  shortest,  subequal  in  length,  and 
together  somewhat  shorter  than  the  sixth.  All  bear  the  usual  com- 
plement of  hairs.  The  legs  (see  fig.  10)  are  rather  long  and  slender 
and  about  (^.")L,  of  a  millimeter  in  length  and  provided  with  the  usual 
hairs  or  bristles.  The  digitules  of  the  tarsi  are  slender,  finely  knobbed, 
and  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  tarsi:  those  of  the  claw  are 
much  shorter,  curved  upward,  enlarged  toward  the  end,  and  but 
slightly  longer  than  the  claw. 

There  is  generally  more  or  less  variation  in  the  length  of  both  the 
antenna'  and  legs  of  specimens  taken  from  the  same  twig,  and  even  in 
the  same  individual:  sometimes,  though  rarely,  there  appears  to  be  a 
faint  trace  of  a  division  of  the  third  antennal  joint. 


30 

THE  WORK  AGAINST  ICERYA  PURCHASI  IN  PORTUGAL,  WITH  AN 

ACCOUNT  OF  THE  INTRODUCTION   FROM  AMERICA  OF 

NOVIUS  CARDINALIS. 

By  L.  O.  Howard. 

In  several  of  the  previous  bulletins  of  this  Division  mention  has 
been  made  of  the  occurrence  of  the  white  or  fluted  scale  (Icerya  pur- 
chasi)  in  disastrous  numbers  in  the  orange  and  lemon  groves  along  the 
banks  of  the  river  Tagus  in  Portugal.  This  insect,  which  reached 
Portugal  some  years  ago  probably  from  her  colonies  in  the  Azores,  to 
which  point  it  was  probably  introduced  many  years  previously  from 
Australia  upon  acacias  grown  as  wind-breaks  for  the  orange  planta- 
tions, has  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Portuguese  Goverument  by  its 
damage  during  the  last  two  years.  Senhor  Alfredo  Carlos  Le  Cocq,  of 
the  department  of  agriculture  of  Portugal,  has  published  a  number  of 
communications  upon  tin's  insect  in  the  uArchivo  Rural,  Gazeta  Dos 
Lavradores,"  and  in  the  numbers  of  this  journal  for  December  28, 1897, 
and  June  28,  1898,  gives  excellent  summaries  of  the  spread  of  the 
insect,  the  work  which  has  been  done  against  it,  and  especially  of  the 
results  of  the  attempts  which  have  been  made  through  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  aided  by  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture 
of  California,  to  introduce  and  acclimatize  the  Australian  predatory 
enemies  of  the  scale.  In  the  article  first  mentioned  is  given  an  account 
of  the  spread  of  the  scale  in  the  district  of  Lisbon.  In  and  about  the 
city  of  Lisbon  nearly  all  of  the  private  and  public  gardens  and  nur- 
series are  infested  and  the  insect  is  found  in  thirty-two  other  localities. 
Prior  to  the  attempt  to  introduce  natural  enemies  of  the  insect  exten- 
sive experiments  with  washes  were  carried  on  under  the  direction  of 
the  Chemical- Agricultural  Station  of  Lisbon.  After  much  experimen- 
tation it  was  determined  that  an  emulsion  of  bisulphide  of  carbon  with 
soapsuds  was  the  most  rapid  and  effective  of  all.  The  formula  used  is 
as  follows : 

Black  potash  soap kilograms . .     1.  5 

Warm  water liters . .   10 

Bisulphide  of  carbon do . .  3  to  4 

Cold  water do 90 

The  soap  is  dissolved  in  the  warm  water  and  when  the  solution  cools  the  bisul- 
phide is  gradually  added,  agitating  it  constantly  to  make  the  emulsion  homogeneous, 
the  latter  being  finally  diluted  with  the  cold  water,  care  beiug  taken  to  stir  well 
before  using. 

It  is  reported  that  there  is  no  inconvenience  in  preparing  sufficient 
quantities  for  one  or  two  days'  use,  but  it  appears  that  the  emulsion 
prepared  the  evening  before  using  is  more  energetic,  fro  in  which  we 
judge  that  there  is  a  gradual  evaporation  of  the  bisulphide  from  the, 
emulsion.  There  is  some  danger  of  the  pump  rusting  as  the  result  of 
the  action  of  the  bisulphide,  and  it  should  be  washed  out  with  water 
several  times  after  use  and  wiped  dry.    Moreover,  only  vulcanized  rub- 


bex  should  be  used  for  the  boee,  since  the  ordinary  robber  bo  i 
attacked  bj  the  bisulphide.  TheVerraorel  pulverisateur  cau  aol  be 
osed  for  the  reason  thai  bisulphide  attacks  the  composition  of  the 
diaphragm  and  the  small  leather  valves.  This  mixture  baa  also  been 
found  effective  against  other  scales.  The  passage  of  a  la^  [surged 
which  shall  enable  the  administration  t<>  take  prompt  measures  in  a 
case  of  bisect  outbreak. 

The  writer's  first  knowledge  of  this  outbreak  wasin  September,  L896, 
when  he  received  a  letter  from  Benhor  Armando  da  Silva,  accompanied 
by  a  copy  of  an  article  which  he  ha<I  published  in  tbe  Correio  da  Noite 
of  September  LO.  Benhor  da  Bilva  wrote  to  ask  for  advice  as  to  the 
most  efficacious  means  of  fighting  the  insect  in  America  and  for  refer* 
ences  to  the  literature  on  the  life  history  of  the  insect  and  its  allies. 
We  replied  under  date  of  October  L,  L806,  urging  bim  to  make  an 
effort  to  introduce  Novius  [Vedalia)  card inalis.  In  February,  1897, 
Benhor  da  Bilva  sent  specimens  of  the  Ecerya,  which  we  were  able  to 
determine  as  undoubtedly  /.  purchasi,  and  we  addressed  him  again  on 
the  Bubjeot  of  the  importation  of  Novius  cardinalis,  offering  to  secure 
specimens  for  Portugal  through  tbe  State  Board  of  Horticulture  of 
California.  While  awaiting  his  reply  we  received  a  communication 
from  Benhor  Le  Oocq,  with  whom  Benhor  da  Silva  had  been  in  com- 
munication  and  with  whom  our  subsequent  correspondence  was  carried 
on.  In  the  meantime  Senhor  da  Silva  had  published  in  the  last  num- 
ber of  the  volume  for  189(>  of  the  "Annaes  de  Sciencias  Naturaeas"  an 
extended  article  in  which  he  gave  an  account  of  the  work  of  Novius 
cardinalis  in  this  country  and  urged  its  introduction.  Curiously 
enough  this  publication,  as  we  have  recently  learned  from  an  editorial 
in  ••( )  Jornal  de  Lisboa"  for  September  7, 1898,  was  considered  by  many 
prominent  persons  as  based  upon  untrustworthy  evidence  and  American 
brag  [reclame],  and  it  even  seems  that  there  were  a  few  who  insinuated 
in  an  agricultural  review7  that  the  whole  article  was  simply  an  inter- 
ested petition  for  a  commission  to  be  sent  to  Australia !  Undaunted, 
however,  by  this  home  opposition,  Senhor  Le  Cocq  took  up  his  corre- 
spondence with  this  office,  and  in  October,  1897,  the  writer  was  able  to 
secure,  through  the  great  kindness  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture 
of  California,  about  sixty  specimens  of  Novius  cardinalis,  in  the  adult 
condition,  and  some  larva1,  as  well  as  a  number  of  specimens  of  Novius 
I'oebelei.  These  were  sent  by  direct  mail  from  Washington,  packed  in 
moss,  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  Iceryas  as  food,  just  as  they  had  been 
received  from  Mr.  Alexander  Craw,  of  San  Francisco.  But  five  of  the 
Vedalias  reached  Portugal  alive.  These  issued  from  the  moss  as  adults 
and  had  quite  certainly  come  from  the  specimens  which  left  America 
in  the  larval  condition.  All  of  those  which  started  from  here  as  adults 
were  dead.  They  were  at  once  placed  in  glass  jars  at  the  Chemical- 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  Lisbon,  and  were  so  successfully 
cared  for  that  at  the  date  when  Senhor  Le  Cocq  wrote  his  December 


•32 

article  there  was  already  a  numerous  progeny.  All  of  the  specimens 
of  Xovius  koebelei  were  dead  on  receipt. 

On  the  22d  of  November  a  second  colony  of  the  two  species  of  pred- 
atory beetles  was  received  from  California.  Inasmuch  as  the  mail 
packet  before  had  gone  in  a  somewhat  roundabout  way,  an  attempt 
was  made  this  time  to  hasten  the  journey.  The  writer  took  the  packet 
personally  to  New  York  and  placed  it  on  cold  storage  awaiting  the 
arrival  of  the  direct  steamer  to  Lisbon.  Unfortunately  the  arrival  of 
the  steamer  in  New  York  was  very  considerably  delayed,  and  upon  its 
arrival  in  Lisbon  it  left  for  Porto  immediately  after  the  disembarkation 
of  its  passengers,  and  only  on  its  return  to  Lisbon,  December  19,  was 
the  packet  containing  the  insects  delivered  to  Senhor  Le  Cocq.  The 
packet  had  left  California  on  the  5th  of  November,  so  that  it  had  been 
forty-four  days  on  the  journey.  There  were  still  alive,  however,  one 
male  and  live  females  of  N.  cardinalis,  and  owing  to  the  great  care 
which  was  taken  of  them  they  survived  and  multiplied.  All  specimens 
of  JV".  loebelei,  as  before,  were  dead,  from  which  it  seems  that  the  former 
resists  these  long  voyages  in  hermetically  sealed  boxes  better  than  the 
latter. 

As  to  the  further  results  of  the  experiment  we  can  do  no  better  than 
to  quote  the  words  of  Senhor  Le  Cocq  in  the  "Archivo  KuraP  of  June 
28.  The  article  has  been  translated  from  the  Portuguese  by  Mr.  Frank 
Benton,  of  this  office. 

In  No.  24  of  the  "Archivo  Rural/'  published  in  December,  1897,  we  told  our  readers 
what  we  had  done  to  introduce  into  Portugal  Vedalia  cardinalis,  which  is  the  most 
voracious  enemy  of  Icerya  purchasi,  and  what  we  had  obtained  and  hoped  to  obtain 
up  to  spring  in  order  then  to  commence  its  reproduction  and  breeding  in  the  open 
air.  Xow  we  see  that  we  were  then  very  modest  in  our  calculation,  because  four 
moutli8  later,  in  place  of  hundreds  of  Yedalias  that  we  counted  on  having,  we  pos- 
sessed already  many  thousands  of  the  insects,  and  we  were  able  to  think  of  entering 
simultaneously  upon  its  breeding  on  a  large  scale  in  the  open  air  and  its  distribution 
in  the  localities  invaded  by  Icerya. 

In  order  that  our  readers  may  form  an  idea  as  to  the  fecundity  of  redalia  cardinalis, 
it  will  suffice  to  state  that  our  entire  breedings  were  all  descendants  of  the  six  insects 
received  on  the  19th  of  December — that  is,  from  the  second  sending  that  Mr.  L.  O. 
Howard  made  me. 

During  this  new  apprenticeship  we  had  occasion  to  try  various  modes  of  breeding 
the  Yedalias  in  glass  jars,  and  that  which  gave  us  the  best  result — the  only  one  which 
we  still  follow  to-day  and  that  has  also  been  adopted  in  the  chemical-agricultural 
station  of  Lisbon,  is  the  following:  Small  tables  (tablets)  of  pasteboard  are  made, 
which,  flat  side  up,  pass  into  glass  jars,  leaving  some  space  around  them,  the  jars 
being  cylindrical  and  tall;  to  each  of  the  tablets  there  are  glued  four  legs  made  of 
the  same  material,  2  to  3  cm.  high  and  triangular.  To  give  sufficient  firmness  to  these 
legs  each  one  is  folded  from  the  top  to  the  middle  of  the  base  in  the  form  of  a  piece 
of  guttering,  and  is  glued  by  the  base  to  the  lower  side  of  the  tablet  near  the  cor- 
ners, with  the  vertex  down.  On  these  tablets,  which  are  flat,  there  is  glued  an 
octave-shaped  piece  of  paper  whose  edges,  extending  the  breadth  and  length  of  the 
cardboard,  are  folded  up  so  as  to  form  sides  around  the  tablets. 

It  is  on  these  small  tables  that,  once  or  twice  a  week,  a  fresh  repast  of  Iceryas  is 
furnished  to  the  Vedalias  contained  in  each  jar,  the  new  tablets  being  placed  above 


dread}  in  position.     The  various  tablets  pi  form* 

lug  within  the  jar  a  kim  m  JUtfhrt  on  wboei    ihelv< 

oessh  tions  ot   Vedalias  go  on  reprodncin  d  distributing  them* 

selvi  i, 

The]  in  the earliei  Feedings  a i  removed  from  th<  n order 

do!  to  lose  the  eggs  that  the  Ved alias  place  under  th<  oviferou  eosoi  the  former, 
aor  the  small  larva  that  bave  already  batched  there,  or  whieh  are  found  in  search 
of  [cerya  eggs  among  the  sacs  mentioned  aboi «-. 

Two  or  three  tablets  with  fresh  [oeryas  ma;  be  inserted  each  time  aooordJ 
the  number  of  \  edalias  s  bioh  exist  In  each  jar  and  the  larger  01    mailer  numb*  i  "i 
Larva  that  one  sees  on  the  walls  of  the  |ar  on  the  side  toward  i  In-  11 

Pasteboard  tablets  in  this  form  may  be  made  np  until  thi  jai  is  (Tiled  to  the  top. 
Having  reached  this  point  and  four  to  eight  days  having  passed     that  is.  when  it 

hat  beoome  necessary  to  furnish  Dew  t I  -the  tablets  are  distributed  in  nev< 

placing  one  ortwo  In  each  one  and  leaving  one  ortwo  in  the  first  jar  to  continue 
and  develop  the  broods;  or  the  tablets  Btocked  with  larval  and  winged  V edalias  are 
utilized  to  establish  colonies  of  the  precious  cocoinellids  in  orchards,  groves,  and 
gardens  invaded  by  [cerya, 

In  the  flrsl  case  the  same  system  is  followed  with  each  new  jar  until  it  is  full  of 
tablets. 

In  the  second  case  the  jar  with  the  material  is  taken  where  the  colonies  of  ^eda- 
lias are  to  be  established,  and  at  each  point  the  gauze  which  co\  era  the  mouth  of  the 
jar  is  loosened.  One  or  more  of  the  tablets  is  removed  with  their  [ceryas  and  Veda- 
lias.  Each  one  is  placed  in  a  small  box  made  of  wood,  of  pasteboard,  or  of  Leaves 
of  appropriate  size  <  collar  boxes  Berve  everj  purpose  .  and  these  boxes  are  hound  or 

nailed  in  an  upright  position  to  the  trees  or  plants  where  it  is  desired  to  start  the 
colony  of  \  edalias. 

As  the  larval  and  also  the  winged  Vedalias  are  very  delicate  and  the  lightest  pres- 
sure crushes  them,  we  should  therefore  always  avoid  touching  them,  in  order  to 
preserve  the  largest  number  possible  in  the  broods.  It  is  tor  this  reason  that  we 
have  contrived  the  simple  process  which  we  have  described  and  which  with  good 
results  is  being  followed  in  the  chemical-agricultural  station  of  Lisbon,  both  in  t lie 
breeding  and  distribution  of  Vedalias. 

In  order  to  favor  the  breeding  of  Vedalias  his  excellency,  counsellor  Elvino  de 
I'.rito.  director-general  of  agriculture,  ordered  the  construction  at  the  chemical-agri- 
cultural station  of  a  tent  of  wire-cloth  over  a  wooden  frame.  This  tent  covers  an 
orange  tree  infested  with  /on/a  purohasi,  and  can  be  easily  taken  down  and  put  up 
when  necessary  to  change  its  place,  and  is  operated  in  manner  similar  to  the  one 
which  was  established  for  the  same  purpose  in  the  United  Mates  of  America  under 
the  name  of  U.  8.  Propagating  Station  for  Parasites  of  Scale  Insects. 

Within  the  tent  is  found,  beside  the  orange  tree  infested  with  Icerya,  a  shelf  on 
which  are  placed  tablets,  according  to  our  system,  with  Iceryas,  not  only  to  furnish 
eggs  and  larva'  for  the  sustenance  of  the  Vedalias  because  in  a  short  time  the  [cer- 
yas  of  the  orange  tree  would  he  insufficient,  but  also  for  the  purpose  of  utilizing 
these  tablets,  after  stocking  with  coccinellids,  to  continue  their  colonization  in 
localities  or  estates  invaded  by  scales. 

To  stock  this  tent  or  station  we  presented  to  them  early  in  .May  several  large  jars 
where  we  had  made  the  lirst  breedings,  which  contained  about  a  thousand  Vedalias 
in  various  stages.  At  the  same  time  we  furnished  to  the  chemical-agricultural  sta- 
tion, to  serve  in  the  distribution  of  Vedalia  colonies,  two  huge  jars  containing  12 
tablets  stocked  with  some  thousands  of  the  larva-  and  winged  forms  of  the  voracious 
coccinellid. 

With  the  breedings  obtained  in  the  chemical -agricultural  station  of  Lisbon  (Belem) 
and  those  that  we  had  furnished  to  them,  the  station  was  advised  to  establish  thirty- 
eight  centers  or  colonies  of  Vedalias,  litted  out  so  a->  to  be  able  to  continue,  each  time 
8193— Xo.  18 3 


34 

with  more  intensity  and  rapidity,  these  colonizations  in  the  orchards,  gardens,  parks, 
and  country  places  of  Lisbon  and  its  environs.  Proprietors  who  had  plants  infested 
with  Iceryas  and  wished  to  utilize  this  convenient  and  economical  means  of  combat- 
ing them  were  to  inform  the  director  of  the  chemical-agricultural  station,  or  the 
agriculturist  of  the  district  of  Lisbon,  or  the  director-general  of  agriculture. 

It  should  be  known  that  Vedalia  cardinalis  attacks  only  the  larv;e  and  eggs  of 
Icerya,  and  that  one  must  not  decide  that  it  is  not  an  active  destroyer  of  this  scale 
because  we  continue  to  see  for  some  time  adult  Iceryas  that  were  already  on  the 
trees  when  the  colonies  or  centers  of  Vedalias  were  established  there.  The  adult 
Iceryas  continue,  then,  to  live.  and.  until  they  die,  to  place  eggs  in  their  sacs,  but  the 
eggs  and  young  larva?  of  the  Iceryas  are  the  ones  which  are  destroyed  until  a  point  is 
reached  when  none  arrive  at  the  adult  stage.  From  this  moment  the  white  egg  sacs 
of  the  Iceryas  are  left  empty  in  the  branches  and  leaves,  and  the  invasion  of  the 
injurious  scale  has  been  overcome. 

After  the  colonies  of  Vedalias  are  established  in  any  locality  or  estate,  it  is  advis- 
able not  to  make  treatments  there  nor  in  their  proximity,  in  order  not  to  destroy  the 
young  of  the  beneficial  parasite  of  Icerya,  which  soon  develop,  because  the  adults 
spread  about  and  lay  their  eggs,  sometimes  near  at  hand  and  sometimes  at  a  distance, 
on  the  infested  branches  just  below  the  colonies  of  Iceryas.  For  some  time  the 
larva'  of  Vedalia  are  not  strikingly  apparent,  except  they  are  quite  numerous,  well 
developed,  and  fat.  At  first  they  live  somewhat  concealed,  among  the  Iceryas  or 
within  the  oviferous  sacs  of  the  latter,  next  to  the  eggs  and  tender  larvae  just  issued 
from  the  egg. 

With  the  rapid  development  which  the  broods  of  Vedalia  cardinalis  have,  and  in 
view  of  the  large  number  of  colonies  already  established,  of  the  many  more  numer- 
ous oues  which  will  be  established  still  during  the  summer  and  autumn,  and  in  view 
of  its  wide  distribution,  it  is  to  be  believed  that  even  in  the  coining  year  it  will  be 
difficult  to  find  a  tree  with  Icerya,  in  Lisbon  or  its  environs,  without  finding  there 
likewise  its  terrible  enemy,  Xovius  or  Vedalia  cardinalis.  The  treatment  with  insec- 
ticides, which  has  produced  meanwhile  good  results,  will  become  from  that  moment 
absolutely  unnecessary,  if  it  is  not  so  already. 

Iii  the  mean  time,  not  being  aware  of  the  remarkable  success  in 
rearing  the  Vedalia  from  the  six  specimens  remaining  alive  of  our  last 
shipment,  the  writer  sent  on  June  29,  by  direct  mail,  a  consignment  of 
about  5  dozen  larvae  of  Xovius  I'oebelei  and  X.  cardinalis  which  had 
been  received  in  Washington  that  day  through  the  courtesy  of  the 
State  Board  of  Horticulture  of  California.  On  August  10  word  was 
received  from  Senhor  Le  Oocq  to  the  effect  that  the  shipment  reached 
him  on  the  13th  of  July,  thus  making  the  time  from  San  Francisco  to 
Lisbon  only  twenty  days — less  than  one-half  the  time  occupied  by  the 
preceding  sending.  It  resulted  from  this  short  journey  that  adults  of 
Xovius  Iwebelei  reached  Portugal  in  safety.  There  were  twelve  beetles 
of  this  species  living  on  receipt,  two  of  X.  cardinalis,  and  some  few 
larvae. 

In  the  same  communication  Senhor  Le  Cocq  wrote  as  follows: 

The  propagation  of  the  Vedalia  received  from  you  in  November  and  December, 
1897,  has  been  wonderful,  particularly  that  of  the  second  package,  which  reached 
Lisbon  December  19.  The  chemical-agricultural  station  of  Lisbon,  to  which  I 
committed  the  first  package  which  you  sent  me  and  many  thousands  of  those 
I  bred  at  home,  has  already  established  several  colonies  in  about  ninety  farms, 
orchards,  parks,  and  gardens  in  Lisbon  and  in  the  country  around  Lisbon.  In  the 
orange  orchard  around  the  propagating  station  [described  in  the  preceding  quota- 


t i.m  1 1 urn  the  ■•  \i >  lnv  «•  Km  ii    i  i  i "I  Ian  •  ««t  \  i  <i;ili.i  irbiofa  li 

out   upon  tin-  ci  I,   upon    tlic    Indian    <oin.   up.  i<l   upon  tin-  -loiiml 

1 1 1 1 1 -. t   bt;  reckoned   bj   the  million       [|  ,:i    I    oould  mablj 

desire  01   hope  for,    The  ooloniee  "t   Ved  i  being  dittribnted  profu 

■  i;i\  to  iii.iiin  Airmen  and  gardeners  who  nek  foi  them,  and  jrou  maj  believe 
that  w«-  juMl\  oonaider  bon  great  baa  been  the  Invalnabli  n<i  bend  I 

did  to  Poi  i  iii;ii.'m'  a-ri>  iiltiin-  :uul  lu»rt  i<ti  It  inv, 

Later  information  has  come  to  na  in  the  columns  <>f  <>  JornaJ  de  Lia 
boa  of  September  7,  L898,  in  a  quotation  from  Novidades  of  the  day 
before,  from  which  we  extract  the  following:  u Colonies  <>i  atocka  <>f 
Vedaliaa  were eatabliahed  on  n<»t  less  than  187  estates,  whence  naturally 
many  others  were  formed  by  radiation.  Gardens  and  orchards  that 
were  completely  infested  and  nearly  ruined  areto-daj  entirely  clean,  or 
well  <»n  the  way  toward  becoming  so." 

It  would  thus  seem  as  though  the  wonderful  little  Nottius  cardinally 
has  fully  sustained  in  Portugal  the  great  reputation  which  it  had  pre- 
viously gained  in  the  United  states.  The  writer  would  not  have  been 
able  to  assist  the  Portuguese  Government  to  thia  admirable  result  had 
it  not  been  for  the  enlightened  policy  of  the  state  Board  of  Horticul- 
ture of  California  in  continuing  the  breeding  in  confinement  of  these 

predaee0U8  beetles  long  after  the  apparent  great  necessity  tor  such 
work  had  disappeared  in  California,  and  had  it  not  been  for  the  cour- 
tesy of  the  board  in  promptly  placing  material  at  the  disposal  oi  this 
office. 

TWIG  PRUNERS  AND  ALLIED   SPECIES. 

By  F.   II.  Chittenden. 

THE  OAK  PRUNER. 

The  attention  of  the  curious  is  often  attracted  by  numbers  of  t\\i_- 
and  small  branches  which  sometimes  strew  the  ground  under  trees  of 
various  kinds,  particularly  oak  and  hickory,  and  the  observer  is  usually 
at  a  loss  to  account  for  their  presence.  The  severed  limbs  vary  in  length 
from  a  few  inches  to  two  or  three  feet,  and  one  cut  limb  is  mentioned 
by  Dr.  Fitch  in  his  article  on  this  species  5th  N.  V.  Kept.,  pp.  797-804) 
that  measured  ten  feet,  and  another  that  was  1  |  inches  in  thickness. 
He  farther  remarks  that  young  trees  an-  sometimes  felled  by  this 
insect.  An  examination  of  one,  and  sometimes  of  both  ends  of  a  sev- 
ered limb  will  show  a  smoothly  cut  surface,  near  the  center  of  which  will 
be  seen  a  more  or  less  oval  opening  plugged  up  with  a  wad  of  a  material 
composed  of  tine  shavings  and  sawdust  see  tig.  11.  0, /).  If  one  of 
these  limbs  be  split  open,  a  soft-bodied  larva  or  pupa  will  be  found 
resembling  that  shown  in  tig.  11,  a.  This  is  the  larva  of  a  Ceram- 
bycid  or  long-horned  beetle.  Elaphidian  viUosum  Fab.,  generally  known 
in  literature  as  the  oak  pruner.  This  larva  is  subcylindrical,  sofl  and 
fleshy,  and  of  a  whitish  or  light-yellowish  color.     It  is  provided  with 


36 

legs  (see  g),  which  are,  however,  somewhat  rudimentary  and  of  little 
service  to  the  creature  as  organs  of  locomotion. 

The  beetle  is  slender  and  cylindrical  in  form,  dark  brown  in  color, 
and  clothed  with  grayish,  somewhat  mottled,  jmbescence.  The  antennae 
of  the  female  are  shorter,  those  of  the  male  (illustrated  at  b)  longer, 
than  the  body;  the  proximal  joints  are  armed  with  small  spines.  Each 
elytron  terminates  in  two  small  spines  and  the  femora  are  unarmed. 
The  length  varies  from  about  a  half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

The  pruning  process  is  not  always  in  itself  especially  injurious,  but 
the  ultimate  effects  are  apt  to  be  more  serious.  The  fallen  twigs  serve 
as  a  breeding  place  for  hosts  of  other  wood  borers,  many  of  which  are 


Fig.  11.— Elaphidion  villosum:  a,  larva;  b,  beetle;  c,  pupa;  d,  end  of  twig  excised  by  larva  from  tree; 
e,  reverse  end  containing  insect;  /,  same  from  side,  split  to  show  pupa  within;  g,  leg  of  larva; 
a,  b,  c,  about  twice  natural  size;  d,  e,  /,  natural  size;  g,  greatly  enlarged  (original). 

injurious  to  timber.     Among  these  are  some  which  do  not  hesitate,  in 
default  of  an  abundauce  of  dead  wood,  to  attack  and  injure  living  trees. 


LITERATURE    OF    THE    OAK   PRUNEE. 

Early  in  the  present  century  an  account  of  this  species  was  given  by 
Prof.  William  D.  Peck  in  an  article  published  in  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  Eepository  and  Journal,  of  January,  1819  (Vol.  V,  pp. 
307-313).  In  this  article  Professor  Peck  gave  the  main  facts  in  the 
insect's  life  history,  bestowing  upon  it  the  popular  name  of  oak  pruner 
and  describing  the  species  as  Stenocorus  putator.  In  later  times  this 
species,  together  with  U.  parallelum,  which,  is  considered  to  be  merely 
a  synonym,  has  received  treatment  at  the  hands  of  most  writers  on 
economic  entomology.  Fitch,  in  his  Fifth  Eeport  on  the  Insects  of  New 
York  (pp.  17-24),  furnishes  an  exhaustive  article  on  the  subject,  dwell- 
ing at  length  upon  the  supposed  marvelous  intelligence  of  the  insect. 
It  is  not  within  the  province  of  the  present  article  to  discuss  this  latter 


Bubjecl  in  detail,  sinoe  if  has  been  ablj  treated  by  Mr.  Frederick  Clark 
bod  and  the  late  Dr.  John  I  la  mi  I  ton,  and  thereadei  is  therefore  referred 
to  their  articles  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist    Vol.  \  \  I 1 1,  pp.  188  L90 
and  in   in   and  to  the  Fifth  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Com 
mission   pp.  83  90  .  where  the  major  portion  of  the  accounts  ol   I  itch 
ami  l  [amilton  are  reprodnoed. 

POOD    PLANTS    A\i>    i  \.i  i  BY. 

Phe  list  of  known  food  plants  of  this  species,  as  recorded   by  the 

Writer    and     others,    includes:    Oak.    hickory,   choliiut.    maple,    Abies 

(Haldeman,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  Vol.  X,  p.  34),  apple,  plum,  peach, 
grape,  quince,  locust,  redbnd  (Cercii  canadensis),  sumach,  orange, and 
Osage  orange  Maclura  aurantiaca  .  In  past  years  the  writer  has  seen 
pear  trees  very  extensively  pruned  by  this  insect;  also  the  climbing 

bitter-sweet  [Celastrus  SCandens).  More  recently  this  or  allied  BpecieS 
have  been  ascertained  to  attack  almost  every  woody  plant  that  grows. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Washington  thegenus  Elaphidion  is  not  bo  abundant 
as  in  many  northern  localities,  but  pruned  twigs  of  various  trees  and 
shrubs  arc  of  frequent  occurrence,  among  which  have  been  noted 
Bpicebush  [Lindera  benzoin),  sassafras,  sumach  (/thus  glabra  and 
typhina).  Walsh  mentions  the  occurrence  of  pruned  twigs  on  English 
or  white  walnut  and  Fitch  mentions  beech*  and  birch. 

An  unpublished  divisional  note  which  adds  a  new  food  plant  to  this 
species  should  be  inserted.  In  October  of  1882  we  received  from  Mr. 
If.  0.  Bead,  of  Hudson,  Ohio,  specimens  of  twigs  of  Chinese  Wistaria, 
which  lead  been  pruned  by  the  larva'  which  they  contained.  Adult 
beetles  began  issuing  (in  confinement)  January  (>,  1883. 

Of  reported  injuries  by  this  species  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook  says  (Entom. 
Amer.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  59)  that  in  188G  "peach  trees  in  portions  of  Michigan 
were  seriously  injured.  The  twigs  were  cut  off  so  as  to  nearly  desi  my 
some  of  the  trees."  In  Volume  V  of  Insect  Life  (p.  50)  mention  is  made 
of  the  extraordinary  abundance  of  this  pruner  in  Bucks  County,  Pa., 
and  it  is  there  stated,  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Watson,  that  car- 
loads of  the  branches  could  be  gathered  up  from  the  ground  through 
the  oak  forests. 

In  the  writer's  experience  the  oak  pruner  was  extremely  abundant  in 
the  early  80's  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ithaca.  Tompkins  County,  N.  V.. 
and  later  near  South  Woodstock,  Windham  County.  Conn.,  on  the 
shagbark  hickory,  the  severed  twigs  and  branches  occurring  by  the 
barrel-full  under  a  single  tree.  In  one  instance  pear  trees  in  an  orchard 
at  Ithaca.  N.  V.,  had  been  very  extensively  pruned  by  it.  It  had  appar- 
ently attacked  healthy  living  twigs,  and  several  trees  had  every  appear- 
ance of  having  been  killed  outright. 


"The  beech  species  i-*  evidently,  judging  by  Fitch's  description  of  it^  work,  the 
twig  girdler,  Onoideres  cingulata  Say. 


38 

Under  the  caption  "Elapbidion  injury,"  and  evidently  referring  to  the 
present  species,  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith  wrote  in  1891*  (Ent.  News,  Vol.  Ill,  p. 
261):  "One  of  the  striking  features  noticeable  now  in  riding  througn 
New  Jersey  is  the  unusual  amount  of  Elaphidion  injury  on  oaks.  In 
some  localities  every  tree  has  several  dead  or  dying  twigs,  and  the 
ground  beneath  is  strewn  with  branches  broken  off  by  recent  nigh 
winds." 

A  similar  condition  was  observed  and  commented  upon  by  Dr.  Eiley 
at  about  the  same  time  in  the  country  lying  between  Washington  and 
New  York  City,  and  noticeable  from  the  railway  cars  in  traveling 
between  those  cities. 

LIFE    HISTORY. 

From  our  present  knowledge  of  this  species  the  following  brief 
account  of  its  life  history  may  be  given  : 

The  mother  beetle  inserts  an  egg.  usually  in  one  of  the  smaller  twigs 
of  a  living  tree.  The  young  larva  hatching  therefrom  first  attacks  the 
wood  under  the  bark,  following  the  grain  of  the  wood  and  packing  its 
burrow  with  its  sawdust-like  castings.  The  larva  as  it  grows  bores 
toward  the  base,  often  consuming  the  wood  entirely  around  the  limb 
and  ejecting  its  castings  through  holes  which  it  makes  in  the  bark. 
Later  it  follows  the  axis  of  the  twig,  boring  through  the  center  and 
excavating  a  more  or  less  oval  channel,  sometimes  for  a  distance  of 
several  inches.  Dr.  Fitch  has  said  that  the  larva  is  only  about  half 
grown  when  it  severs  the  limb  in  which  it  is  working,  but  it  has  more 
probably  attained  its  full  growth  at  this  time.  He  described  this 
operation,  recounting  at  length  how,  with  "consummate  skill  and  seem- 
ingly superterrestrial  intelligence,  he  varies  his  proceedings  to  meet  the 
circumstances  of  his  situation  in  each  particular  case." 

From  Dr.  Fitch's  account  it  would  seem  that  he  imputed  to  this  insect 
a  reasoning  power,  which  enables  it  to  modify  its  operations  according 
to  the  conditions,  and  to  judge  just  how  far  the  limb  should  be  cut  off 
to  insure  its  ultimate  amputation  by  the  wind,  without  endangering  its 
own  safety.  Whether  guided  by  reason  or  by  blind  instinct,  the  insect 
is  actually  enabled  to  accomplish  this  purpose. 

After  cutting  away  the  wood  in  such  manner  that  the  winds  will  in 
time  bring  the  limb  to  the  ground,  the  contained  larva  retreats  into  its 
burrow  and  plugs  up  the  severed  end  with  castings.  Here  it  trans 
forms  to  pupa  (fig.  11.  c,/),  sometimes  late  in  the  autumn  and  often  not 
until  early  spring,  assuming  the  adult  stage  as  early  as  November  and 
appearing  abroad  in  June  and  throughout  the  summer  until  September. 

A  larva  received  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  A.  E.  Brunn,  from 
South  Woodstock,  Conn.,  transformed  to  pupa  May  3,  and  to  adult  May 
21,  having  thus  passed  the  pupal  stage  in  eighteen  days,  the  average 
temperature  having  been  about  71°  F. 

Although  this  species  normally  completes  its  transformations  in  ampu- 
tated or  fallen  limbs,  it  occasionally  breeds  in  limbs  that  have  not  been 


39 

severed,     ii  doe-  oof  alwaj  oaf  ofl  the  twigi  In  vrhich  n  lives,  :ni<i  the 
larva  sometimes  reverses  the  order  ol  proceedings  ;in<l  directs  its  bur 
u»w  toward  the  distal  end  of  the  branch,  which  il  cats  off  at  the  end  of 
its  burrow  and  remains  in  the  branch  attached  i<>  the  tree, 

From  the  earlier  accounts  of  Pitch  and  others  it  would  !>••  inferred 
thai  the  insect  requires  a  single  year  onlj  for  the  completion  of  its  life 
cycle.  Dr.  Hamilton,  however,  states  thai  a  longer  period  is  required, 
three  years  being  the  usual  time,  in  individual  cases  four  or  more 
being  consumed.  The  writer  is  strongly  inclined  to  believe  such  excep- 
tionally long  periods,  even  three  years,  t<>  be  the  result  of  nnduedry 
oe88  caused  by  indoor  breeding.  , 

w  liv    in  I.    I  ai;\  a     \  Ml'i    I  A  i  Bti    \    LEM  B. 

The  purpose  <>!'  the  larva  in  cutting  away  the  wood  furnishes  an 
interesting  topic  for  speculation^  Theobjecl  attained  is  its  ultimate 
tall  to  the  ground. 

Peck  thought  that  the  limb,  if  permitted  to  remain  attached  t<>  the 
tree,  would  heeome  too  dry  and  that  ;i  certain  degree  of  moisture  was 
required  tor  the  development  of  the  insect,  and  that  the  limb  was 
accordingly  partially  severed  that  it  might  eventually  fall,  and  that 
then,  lying  on  the  ground  amid  the  autumn  leaves  and  beneath  the 
winter's  snow,  the  requisite  degree  of  moisture  was  insured.  In  this 
belief  Dr.  Pitch  concurred.  Mr.  Clarkson,  however,  takes  issue  with 
Pitch  and  believes  that  the  main  object  of  the  larva  is  to  obtain  dead 
wood  and  to  prevent  the  Mow  of  sap.  Here  we  have  two  contrary 
views  expressed,  one  that  the  object  is  to  obtain  moisture,  the  other  to 
prevent  it. 

Such  an  excess  of  moisture,  as  is  obtained  on  the  ground  under  the 
melting  snow  and  the  pools  of  water  that  collect  in  winter  under  the 
infested  trees,  could  hardly  be  a  necessity  in  the  life  history  of  any 
terrestrial  animal.  The  ease  with  which  these  insects  may  be  reared 
from  dry  twigs  indoors  is  conclusive  proof  to  the  contrary.  Why  they 
should  require  more  moisture  than  fifty  or  a  hundred  others  that  could 
be  named  that  have  similar  food  habits  aud  do  not  breed  exclusively 
in  fallen  limbs,  it  would  be  difficult  to  explain.  Again,  that  the  small 
flow  of  sap  of  oak  or  hickory  could  seriously  interfere  with  develop 
ment  would  seem  unreasonable  when  we  consider  that  these  insects  are 
able  to  survive  the  immersion  to  which  they  are  sometimes  subjected 
for  days  together  during  thaws  and  rainy  spells  in  the  winter. 

Another  explanation  of  the  limb's  amputation  occurs  to  the  writer. 
Those  who  have  reared  beetles  from  hard  wood  cannot  have  failed  to 
observe  that  the  larva  before  transforming  cuts  through  the  wood 
until.it  reaches  the  bark,  which  is  left  untouched  and  serves  to  protect 
the  insect  from  marauding  birds  or  other  enemies.  When  the  beetle 
develops  it  has  only  to  gnaw  its  way  through  this  thin  layer  of  bark  to 
effect  its  exit.    There  are  undoubtedly  some  wood  borers  which  are 


40 

provided  in  the  beetle  state  with  mandibles  sufficiently  powerful  to 
enable  them  to  penetrate  hard  wood  (Monohammus,  for  example),  but 
the  majority,  among  them  Elaphidion,  are  not  thus  favored,  and  would 
be  utterly  unable  with  their  weaker  boring  organs  to  escape,  and  would 
perish  in  their  burrows  had  they  not,  while  larvae,  excavated  the  neces- 
sary channel  for  their  exit.  These  exit  channels  usually  run  at  an 
angle  to  the  axis  of  the  wood.  Now,  in  the  case  of  our  Elaphidion, 
which  usually  lives  in  a  slender  limb  which  it  bores  longitudinally, 
there  is  no  room  to  place  a  branching,  transverse  channel;  accordingly 
the  larva  severs  the  twig  and  when  it  becomes  a  beetle  it  cuts  its  way 
through  the  plug  of  castings. 

As  to  the  larva  apparently  varying  its  operations  to  suit  the  different 
sizes  of  limbs,  the  average  infested  twig  is  of  about  the  tbickness  of 
one's  finger,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  larva  commences  proceedings 
late  in  the  season  with  the  approach  of  cold  weather  when  it  is  about 
full  grown  and  ready  for  hibernation.  To  cut  off  the  limb  is  a  labor  of 
some  magnitude  for  so  small  a  creature  and  may  require  several  days 
for  completion.  It  has  a  limited  amount  of  energy,  being  now  toward 
the  end  of  its  active  existence  as  a  borer,  and  the  cooler  weather  serves 
to  repress  this  energy,  which  is  sufficient  for  cutting  away  all  the  wood 
in  a  small  twig,  but  is  inadequate  for  a  larger  one.  The  wood  of  a  large 
branch  is  harder,  and  the  insect  ceases  work,  perhaps  from  exhaustion 
or  from  cold,  or  because  its  instinct  impels  it  to  cut  a  certain  amount, 
and  when  that  is  accomplished  to  cease,  its  work  being  ended.  At  the 
close  of  his  narrative  Dr.  Fitch  says,  in  spite  of  a  previous  assertion 
that  the  insect  never  miscalculates,  that — 

in  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  fallen  limbs  no  worm  is  to  be  found;  and  an  exam- 
ination of  them  shows  that  the  insect  perished  at  the  time  the  limb  was  severed 
and  before  it  had  excavated  any  burrow  upward  in  its  center,  no  perforation  being 
present  except  that  leading  into  the  lateral  twig.  It  is  probable  that  in  many 
instances  the  limb  broke  when  the  insect  was  in  the  act  of  gnawing  it  asunder, 
either  from  its  own  weight  or  from  a  wind  arising  whilst  the  work  was  in  progress. 

As  might  be  inferred  from  the  manner  of  life  of  this  insect,  it  enjoys 
as  nearly  perfect  exemption  from  predaceous  or  parasitic  attack  as 
falls  to  the  lot  of  any  wood  borer.  Fitch,  however,  has  stated  that 
some  of  our  insect-eating  birds  destroy  the  larvae,  and  the  writer  has 
reared  the  parasite  Bracon  eurygaster  Brulle  from  twigs  inhabited  by 
the  species. 

REMEDIES. 

In  case  this  species  becomes  injuriously  abundant,  it  may  be  readily 
controlled  by  gathering  the  infested  twigs  during  the  winter  and  burn- 
ing them  before  the  following  spring. 

The  following  summary  of  the  known  food  and  other  habits  of  other 
species  of  Elaphidion  is  appended : 


II 


THE   ORANGE   SAWYER 


Pro.  12. —  Elaphidion   Inerme:  enlarged  2|  times  (from 
Hubbard). 


Of  this  species,  Elaphidion  inenm    Newra.,  the  late  Dr.  Riley  has 

stated    American  Entomologist,  Vol. II I,  p. 238) thai  the  perfect  Insect 

w.is  cut  by   Mi-,  B,  a.  Bchwai     From  «li\   twigs  ol  Querent 

Enterprise,  Fla.     In  Bulletin 

no.  i.  ftrel  series,  of  this  Divi 

si, m    p,  9  .  Mi.  II. (i.  Hubbard 

u;i\ e  a  few  notes  on  this  Bpe 
and  in  his  Bpeeial  dii  i 

sional  bulletin  "Insects  Affect- 
ing the  i  hrange "  pp.  125  127) 

presented    a    few    additional 

facts,  proposing  for  the  insect 

the  name  <>f  orange  sawyer, 

The  injuries  caused  by  this 

Elaphidion    to    orange   trees 

result  from  careless  pruning, 

from  failure  to  properly  trim 

the    dead    end    of    the    stock 

above  the  insertion  of  the  bud. 

These  ends  attract   the  female  beetle,  which  deposits  one  or  two  egga 

in  each.    The  larvae  hatching  from  these  confine  their  work  to  the  dead 

ends  until  they  are  completely  hollowed  out  and  reduced  to  mere  shells 
packed  with  castings.  When  the  supply  of  dead  wood 
becomes  exhausted,  the  larva*  descend  into  the  living  wood 
and  thus  weaken  the  bud,  if  they  do  not  kill  it  outright  by 
undermining  the  tissues  which  support  it.  One  of  the 
twigs  sent  by  Mr.  Hubbard  to  this  office  has  every  appear- 
ance of  having  been  pruned,  but  not  in  the  usual  smooth 
manner  as  performed  by  the  oak  primer. 

The  adult  beetle  is  shown  at  figure  12.  It  is  of  much  the 
same  appearance  as  villosum;  the  antennae  are  compara- 
tively shorter,  never  longer  than  the  body,  the  spines  small. 
The  femora  are  not  spinose.  The  thorax  has  a  small  median 
smooth  spot  and  no  dorsal  callosities.  The  tips  of  the 
elytra  are  tunicate  and  do  not  bear  spines.  In  well-marked 
specimens  the  pubescence  is  arranged  in  a  large  white 
patch  on  the  humerus  and  another  across  the  middle  of  each 
elytron. 


ttk 


4T 


Fig.  13.-Work 
Hi  Elaphidion 

natural   size 
(original). 


ELAPHIDION    SUBPUBESCENS    I 


On  July  15,  1894,  Mr.  Th.  Pergande  found  larva*  boring 
in  shoots  of  white  oak  Quereus  alba)  which  were  growing  about  the  base 
of  oak  stumps,  from  which  the  perfect  insect  was  reared  June  15,  of  the 
following  year.  According  to  Mr.  Pergande.  who  has  kindly  furnished 
me  with  Ins  notes  on  the  subject,  the  larva  selects, by  preference,  shoots 


42 

which  are  not  above  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  although  some- 
times they  are  found  to  attack  shoots  of  double  this  size.  As  a  rule, 
the  larvse  bore  nearer  to  one  side  than  the  other,  though  often  but 
little  more  than  the  thin  bark  is  left  in  the  smaller  shoots.  There  is 
evidence  that  the  species  is  a  perfect  pruner,  and  appears  to  confine  its 
attack  to  upright  shoots  when  these  are  obtainable.  A  remarkable 
feature  of  the  work  of  this  larva,  and  one  apparently  peculiar  to  it  in 
its  regularity,  is  its  habit  of  forming  on  the  underside  of  the  twig 
which  it  infests  a  more  or  less  continuous  and  regular  row  of  circular 
holes.  These  are  evidently  for  the  purpose  of  expelling  the  excrement 
of  the  insect  as  fast  as  it  forms,  since  no  pellets  are  to  be  found  in  the 
burrows,  while  numerous  bits  of  excrement  may  be  seen  scattered 
about  underneath  infested  shoots.  In  a  small  shoot  that  has  been  pre- 
served (illustrated  herewith)  in  a  space  just  2  inches  in  length,  an  even 
twenty  of  these  little  holes  have  been  formed  at  very  regular  intervals 
and  in  a  nearly  straight  line,  and  several  other  small  twigs  present  a 
similar  appearance.  In  larger  twigs  the  holes  are  less  regularly  placed, 
are  larger,  less  numerous,  and  more  widely  separated.  The  holes  in 
the  smaller  twigs  measure  from  0.6  to  0.8  of  a  millimeter  in  diameter, 
and  those  in  the  larger  twigs  are  fully  twice  as  large  An  approach  to 
this  habit  is  observable  in  the  commou  oak  pruner. 

The  larva  begins  operations  very  near  the  tip  of  a  shoot,  bores  some- 
times also  for  some  distance  into  the  side  shoots,  and  afterward  pene 
trates  the  entire  length  of  the  main  shoot,  making  its  way  into  the 
stump  itself  where  it  forms  its  pupa  in  the  more  solid  wood.  The  larva 
resembles  that  of  other  species  of  Elaphidion,  having  distinct  thoracic 
legs.     It  has  unusually  long  hairs  at  each  side  of  the  mouth. 

Fortunately  this  species  is  a  very  rare  one,  as  it  would  be  quite  capa- 
ble, Mr.  Pergaude  believes,  of  serious  injury,  should  it  ever  be  suffi- 
ciently numerous  in  nurseries. 

The  beetle  is  of  about  the  same  size  as  villosum,  but  is  much  nar- 
rower. The  entire  surface  is  very  coarsely  punctured,  and  sparsely 
and  uniformly  pubescent.  It  has  previously  been  recorded  from  New 
Jersey  and  Texas. 

ELAPHIDION   MUCRONATUM   Fab. 

Elaphidion  mucronatum  Fab.  has  been  found  in  dry  twigs  of  live  oak 
(Quercus  virens)  and  in  the  dry  leaf-stems  of  the  cabbage  palmetto 
(Chamcerops  palmetto)  in  Florida,  in  healthy  hackberry  trees  in  Texas, 
and  in  large  limbs  of  wild  grapevine  (Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  239).  Prof. 
J.  B.  Smith  writes  that  he  has  reared  it  from  the  stems  of  young  trees 
or  from  larger  branches  of  oak  which  had  been  girdled,  and  that  it 
bores  "  clear  down  to  the  roots."  The  writer  has  reared  it  from  large 
branches  and  trunks  of  redbud  {Cercis  canadensis  and  japonica)  and 
Dr.  A.  D.  Hopkins  (Bull.  22,  W.  Va.  Agl.  Ex.  St.,  p.  193)  states  that  it 
u infests  dead  bark  and  wood  of  beech,"  the  "green  wood  of  living 


i:; 


sim. i!  maple  and  bark  oi  black  oak."'    Thii  ipeotea  la  nol  ;i  pram 
least  .i-i.ii  aa  observatioi  There  is  a  divisional  note  on  Its  iiav 

lag  bred  February  8,  1 889,  t'i ' 'in  ;i  piece  ol  dogwood  Oornus  which  had 
been  stored  In  a  oarpentei  shop  some  years  to  be  used  for  hammer 
bandies.  The  larvae  had  worked  principally  nuder  the  bark  where 
thej  produced  large  and  irregular  channels,  entering,  when  nearly  full 
grown,  the  solid  wood,  in  which  thej  transformed. 

The  adult  insect,  represented  at   figure  L4,  is  sitniliar  in  form,  size, 
color, and  pubescence  io  villosum.    The  antennas  and  elytra  diffei   in 
being  armed  with  much  longer  spines;  the  femora  are  also  spinose. 
The  antennae  ol   the  male  arc  longer 
than  the  body.    This  is  our  commonest 
Dortheru  El  aphid  ion,  next  to  villosum. 

HABITS    OF   OTHER    SPECIES   OF 
ELAPHIDION 

/■.'.  tectum  Lee.  (1) —  The  stems  of 
Yucca  an-  sometimes  attacked  by  what 
Mr.   A.   Bolter  supposed   was  perhaps 

this    species.       (Trans.    Acad.    Sciences 
St.  Louis,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  568). 

E.  cinereum  01,  is  an  inhabitant  of 
I  he  West  Indies,  but  is  also  very  abund- 
ant at  Key  West,  Fla.  Mr.  Schwarz  has 
discovered  that  this  species  develops  in 
the  branches  of  the  buttonwood,  Cono- 
carpus  erecta.  (Pr,  Knt.  Soc.  Wash.. 
Vol.  I,  p.  93.) 

/.'.  irroratum  Fab.  inhabits  the  trunk 
of  the  black  mangrove  (A vezinnia  nitida)  in  Florida  (Hubbard,  Am. 
Ent.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  239),  and  the  white  mangrove  (Laguncularia  racemosa), 
(Schwarz,  Proc    Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  I.  p.  93). 

E.  a  a  icolor  Band. — Dr.  Leconte  has  recorded  this  species  as  occur- 
ring in  the  Judas  tree  or  redbud  (Cercis)  (Trans.  Aruer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol. 
IX,  p.  iii). 

A  twig  of  plum  was  found  by  the  writer  at  Colonial  Beach,  Va.,  July 
1">.  1897,  that  showed  castings  of  a  larva  on  the  amputated  end  remain- 
ing upon  the  tree.  Wheu  this  was  cut  open,  a  living  beetle  was  found 
within. 

11.  imbelle  Lee.  has  been  reared  from  oak  in  California  .1.  J.  Rivers, 
Bui.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  11,  p.  70,  etc.  . 


Fig.   H.—Elaphidion    mucronatum:    en 

lai-ed  21  times  (original). 


44 

A   DESTRUCTIVE  BORER  ENEMY  OF  BIRCH  TREES,  WITH  NOTES 
ON  RELATED  SPECIES. 

By  F.  H.  Chittenden. 

INJURY   AT   BUFFALO,  N.   Y. 

Serious  injury  to  birch  trees  in  the  city  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  has  been 
reported  the  past  fall,  due  to  the  ravages  of  the  larvae  of  a  buprestid 
beetle  hitherto  practically  unknown  as  a  destructive  enemy  to  this 
genus  of  trees. 

In  a  letter  dated  October  13,  1898,  Mr.  M.  F.  Adams,  of  Buffalo, 
wrote  that  an  insect,  which  was  afterwards  identified  as  Agrilus  anxius 
Gory,  was  doing  great  damage  to  birch  trees  in  that  city.  Specimens 
of  infested  European  white  birch,  Betula  alba,  showing  the  mines  of  the 
larvae  under  the  bark,  were  received,  and  later  specimens  of  the  beetles 
and  larvae.  A  few  years  ago  our  correspondent  noticed  this  same 
borer  destroying  a  common  white  birch,  Betula  papyrifera.  At  that 
time  the  cut-leaf  weeping  birches,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  trees  in 
close  proximity  to  the  infested  ones,  were  not  infested,  and  he  was  of 
opinion  that  these  trees  had  not  been  attacked  until  recently.  White 
birches  of  every  description  in  the  city  have  since  been  destroyed,  and 
not  many  trees  that  remain  standing  are  entirely  free  from  infestation. 

Through  the  medium  of  the  daily  press  of  Buffalo  the  matter  has 
aroused  widespread  attention  in  that  city. 

So  much  of  value  was  obtained  from  Mr.  Adams,  through  constant 
correspondence  during  the  months  of  October  and  November,  that  it  was 
not  considered  necessary  at  this  time  for  anyone  connected  with  this 
Division  to  make  a  personal  inspection  of  the  premises,  particularly 
since  little  of  value  is  to  be  accomplished  in  the. line  of  an  investigation 
of  the  life  history  of  the  species  until  the  springtime,  when  the  larvae 
complete  their  growth  and  their  transformation  to  pupae  and  adult 
beetles. 

Our  correspondent  has  expressed  the  belief  that  if  radical  measures 
are  not  adopted  the  loss  of  every  birch  in  the  city  of  Buffalo  in  the  near 
future  is  imminent.  This  insect  has  already  destroyed  the  common 
white  birch  and,  as  previously  remarked,  many  of  the  cut-leaf  and 
European  white  birches.  It  even  attacks  trees  planted  but  a  year 
before. 

That  this  opinion  is  justified  we  have  only  to  cite  similar  instances  of 
recent  injury  by  this  same  insect  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  which  will  be  men- 
tioned farther  on,  and  by  the  related  species,  Agrilus  bilineatus,  the 
two-lined  chestnut  borer,  to  chestnut  and  oak  in  various  parts  of  our 
country,  and  by  the  sinuate  pear  borer  to  pear  in  New  Jersey. 

That  injury  was  due  to  a  species  of  Agrilus  could  readily  be  made 
out  from  the  larvae  and  from  the  appearanee  of  the  burrows  under 
the  birch  bark.  At  our  request  Mr.  Adams  made  diligent  search  for 
the  parent  beetles,  which  often  die  in  their  burrows  in  the  wood,  with 


I;> 


IraullirllLlI  \      HplHiimeilH     writ- 
male,  W  lllcli   pl'o\  i<l    !  I 


tin-  i used  nn 


the  result   that  on  November   10  boom 
secured,  among  which  *  as  fortunately  ■ 

to  be  .  \iirihis  (i  ti.i  i  us  <  lory. 

The   noh's    whicll    follow    eniieenn  n g    t  lie  ucnin  cuci 

birch  at  Buffalo  have  been  brought  together  from 
data  kindly  furnished  bj  Mi.  Adams,  to  whom  great 

credit    18  due  for   hifl  /eal  in  the  matter. 

injury  can  be  detected  In  the  trunk  by  b  reddish 
discoloration  from  one  quarter  to  one  inch  in  width. 
this  being  caused  by  the  exudation  of  sap  and  the 
ejectment  of  excrement.  Another  indication  of  the 
insect's  presence  is  the  dying  of  the  trees  at  their 
tops.  The  insect  appears  to  attack  the  treeat  first 
among  the  Larger  branches  at  a  considerable  height, 
causing  the  tree  to  die  at  the  top  while  the  remaining 
lower  branches   keep  green.     Its  presence   is  also 

manifested  by  the  uneven,  wavy  appearance  of  the 
bark,  which  shows  more  or  less  regular  spiral  ridges 
on  the  smaller  branches.  (See  fig.  15.)  The  borer 
larva  makes  an  opening  through  the  outer  bark  of  a 
size  a  little  larger  than  a  pin  head.  It  then  mines 
farther  on  beneath  the  bark,  and  there  rests  in  a  cav- 
ity which  it  prepares  for  its  transformation  not  far 
from  this  discoloration.  In  cases  where  the  inner  bark 
is  not  thick  enough,  or  where  it  happens  to  be  dead, 
the  larva  enters  the  wood  instead  of  making,  as  be- 
fore, its  cavity  for  pupation  in  the  bark,  being  inclined 
apparently  to  avoid  dead  tissue,  either  wood  or  bark. 

In  the  samples  of  work  received  the  galleries  of 
this  borer  larva  run  so  closely  together,  often  cross- 
ing and  recrossing  in  such  endless  confusion  that  it 
is  impossible  to  trace  any  individual  burrow.  A 
sample  of  the  work  is  illustrated  at  figure  16.  The 
galleries  made  by  the  mature  larva  measure  about 
an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  width  (3  mm.).  It  is  the  nor- 
mal habit  of  the  larva  to  leave  its  eastings  in  the 
galleries  as  it  wrorks,  as  shown  in  the  illustration. 

The  larva,  as  a  rule,  enters  the  wood  in  the  fall  and 
there  constructs  a  cavity,  which  probably  serves  the 
purpose  of  a  pupal  cell,  in  which  it  passes  its  ulti- 
mate transformations  in  late  spring  or  early  summer. 
Within  this  cell  the  larva  passes  the  winter.  In  those 
individuals  before  the  writer  the  caudal  extremity  of  the  larva  is  pointed 
downward,  and  the  head  and  thoracic  and  tirst  abdominal  segments  are 
doubled  back  upon  the  other  segments  in  a  position  which  he  has  not 
observed  in  any  other  larva,  but  this  is  probably  the  normal   habit  of 


Fig.  15.— Work  of  Ag- 

rihis  auxins  ou  limb  of 
white  birch— somewhat 
reduced  (original). 


4fi 


the  genus  and  perhaps  of  allied  genera.  So  nearly  torpid  were  the 
larvae  when  received  and  taken  from  their  burrows,  even  in  a  well 
warmed  atmosphere,  that  they  appeared  as  if  dead,  some  of  them 
remaining  motionless  for  a  long  time. 

In  many  instances  it  was  noticed  in  the  larger  branches,  which  were 
perhaps  from  H  to  1J  inches  in  diameter,  that  the  mines  had  pene- 
trated to  the  center 
of  these  branches, 
and  in  some  cases 
went  through 
them.  In  no  in- 
stance was  it  found 
that  the  parent  in- 
sect deposited  her 
eggs  in  branches 
smaller  than  one- 
half  to  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

During  Novem- 
ber no  larvae  could 
be  discovered  in 
dry  wood,  but  were 
found  in  wood 
which  retained 
moisture,  even 
when  it  had  been 
cut  down  for  nearly 
a  year. 

Writing  Novem- 
ber 14,  Mr.  Adams 
stated  that  he  had 
just  learned  that 
the  Forest  Lawn  Cemetery  at  that  city  had  been  badly  infested  by  this 
species,  and  that  about  fifty  of  the  birch  trees  had  been  removed  during 
the  past  two  years,  the  cause  of  the  injury  not  having  been  known  until 
the  attention  of  the  authorities  was  called  to  it  by  our  correspondent. 
Mr.  Adams's  observations  lead  him  to  the  belief  that  the  beetles 
issue  in  greatest  numbers  from  the  trees,  beginning  in  the  last  week  of 
J  une ;  but  as  several  other  species  of  Agrilus,  as  well  as  many  other 
borers  which  inhabit  the  same  latitude,  issue  from  two  to  four  weeks 
earlier,  it  seems  probable  that  the  earliest  date  of  issuance  remains  to 
be  observed. 

It  was  noticed  that  one  of  our  common  woodpeckers,  undoubtedly 
the  hairy  woodpecker,  Plcus  (Dryobates)  villosus  Linn.,  as  well  as  could 
be  ascertained  without  capturing  or  shooting  a  specimen,  fed  quite 


Fig.  16.— Work  of  Agrilus  anxius  on  trunk  of  white  birch,  bark  removed 
to  show  larval  galleries— somewhat  reduced  (original). 


17 

extensively  apon  the  larvae  of  this  birch  tree  lusect.  This  bird  select* 
;i  place  on  the  trunk  of  the  tree  in  n  hicfa  the  larva  are  concealed  and 
makes  an  incision  in  the  bark  which  resembles  that  made  b)  b  pen 
Unite  if  stack  into  the  bark  in  the  same  manner.  This  it  does  until  it 
locates  the  borer,  when  it  proceeds  to  pick  open  the  barb  and  remove 
the  insect, 

A.a  in  the  case  of  injury  ascribed  to  the  two-lined  chestnut   borer) 
there  is  still  a  certain  degree  of  doubt  as  to  whether  or  not  this  birch 
borer  is  really  the  primary  cause  of  the  deal  h  of  the  trees.    <  >m  corre 
Bpohdent  is  of  the  opinion  thai  injury  in  Buffalo  is  due  primarily  to  the 
attack  of  tins  borer,  since  it  has  been  observed  attacking  \  igorous  trees. 

That  carelessness  isoneof  the  principal  causes  that  baa  Led  to  its 
limine  multiplication  is  evidenced  bj  information  furnished  l>.\  Mr. 
Adams.     He  states  that  the  upper  pari  of  the  tree  in  which  it  was  first 

noticed  at  work  had  been  removed,  but  that  about  six  feet  of  the  trunk 

was  permitted  to  remain  tor  use  as  a  support  for  flower  vases  or  for 

some  similar  purpose,  a  surface  as  Large  as  this  would  furnish  oppor- 
tunity tor  the  development  of  perhaps  many  hundreds  of  this  insect. 
The  material  from  which  the  identification  of  the  species  was  made  was 
obtained  by  searching  among  wood  piles  which  had  been  permitted  to 
accumulate. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  woodpeckers  and  other  birds  would  keep 
this  borer  in  check  if  unmolested  by  sparrows,  and  this  invasion  may 
be  accounted  for,  in  a  measure  at  least,  by  the  absence  of  the  insect's 
natural  enemies. 

A  very  singular  thing  in  connection  with  the  occurrence  of  this  borer 
in  birch  is  that  in  spite  of  frequent  search,  extending  over  a  period  of 
two  years. our  correspondent  has  been  unable  to  find  this  insect  attack- 
ing any  other  tree  than  birch — a  remarkable  condition  of  affairs  when 
we  consider  the  numerous  observations  by  careful  observers  of  its  occur- 
rence on  poplar  and  willow. 

DESCRIPTION   AND   DISTRIBUTION. 

Agrilus  anxius  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustration  (fig.  17,  a). 
It  is  a  rather  large  species  of  its  genus,  measuring  between  three-tenths 
and  nearly  half  an  inch  in  length  (7.5-11.5  mm.).  It  is  of  moderately 
robust  form,  subopaque,  olivaceous  bronze  in  color.  The  last  ventral 
segment  is  oval  at  the  apex;  the  punctuation  of  the  prothorax  is  trans- 
versely strigoso-punctate  and  its  posterior  angles  are  carinate  in  both 
sexes;  the  first  ventral  segment  in  the  male  is  broadly  grooved:  the 
second  more  deeply,  the  groove  being  narrow  and  smooth  (see  b).  The 
serration  of  the  antenna!  joints  begins  with  the  fourth  joint.  The  elytra 
bear  each  a  rather  vague  longitudinal  costa  and  the  scutellum  is  trans- 
versely carinate. 

As  no  common  name  seems  to  have  been  applied  to  this  insect,  it  may 
be  called  the  bronze  birch  borer. 


48 

The  accredited  distribution  of  Agrilus  anxius  as  redescribed  by  Horn 
(Trans.  Ainer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  306)  is  "  Massachusetts  and 
!New  Hampshire;  westward  to  Colorado." 

In  the  collection  of  the  Xational  Museum  and  that  of  Messrs.  Hub- 
bard and  Schwarz  and  of  the  writer  the  following  localities  for  this 
species  are  taken,  with  addition  of  some  that  have  already  been 
recorded :  Mouut  Washington,  X.  H. ;  Boston  aud  Plainfield  ( !),  Mass. ; 
Buffalo,  Ithaca,  "Adirondacks,"  Elk  Lake,  and  elsewhere  in  Xew 
York;  Allegheny,  Pa.  (Hamilton);  Lake  Superior,  Marquette,  Detroit, 
Agricultural  College,  and  Port  Huron,  Mich.;  Stone  Creek,  Va. ;  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec,  near  Ottawa  (Harrington). 

The  larva. — The  larva  (fig.  17,  c)  resembles  that  of  other  species  of 

its  genus,  being  elongate,  flattened,  the  first 
thoracic  segment — which  is  apt  to  be  mis- 
taken for  the  head,  the  latter  being  retrac- 
tile within  it — rather  prominent,  and  the 
anal  segment  terminating  in  a  pair  of  slen- 
der corneous  forceps-like  processes.  The 
color  is  creamy  white,  the  mouth  parts  dark 
brown,  nearly  black,  the  remaining  portion 
of  the  head,  the  first  thoracic,  and  the  anal 
segments  being  darker  yellow.  Being  foot- 
less, the  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces  do  not 
differ  so  noticeably  as  in  many  larvae. 

In  the  absence  of  a  large  series  of  the  larvae 
of  other  species  of  Agrilus,  a  specific  descrip- 
tion need  not  be  attempted  at  the  present 
time,  particularly  since  all  of  the  examples 
of  this  species  which  we  have  are  freshly 
killed,  and  the  material  in  other  species  is 
alcoholic  and  has,  for  the  most  part,  been 
preserved  for  several  years. 

The  larvae  at  hand  appear  to  be  unusually 
stout,  but^  it  is  possible  that  this  may  be 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  they  had  gone  into  hibernation  and  are 
unable  to  recover  from  their  torpor.  They  are  between  five  and  six 
times  as  long  as  wide  at  the  widest  abdominal  segment. 

The  first  thoracic  is  of  about  equal  width  with  the  widest  abdominal 
segments ;  the  second  and  third  thoracic  are  a  little  narrower;  all  of  the 
abdominal  segments  are  subequal  except  the  last  two,  the  penultimate 
being  about  the  same  width  as  the  second  and  third  thoracic.  The  anal 
segment  does  not  appear  to  differ  from  that  of  other  species,  the  fork 
being  of  the  same  shape  and  bidentate  on  the  inner  surface. 

The  length  is  a  little  less  than  three-fourths  of  an  inch  (17-18  mm.) 
and  the  width  is  a  trifle  less  than  an  eighth  inch  (2-7  mm.). 


Fig.  17.— Agrilus  anxius;  a, 
female  beetle;  b,  first  abdominal 
segments  of  male  from  below; 
c,  larva  from  above — all  enlarged 
about  3£  times  (original). 


4!t 
PI   1:1  LBHSD    EfcEOORTJ    , 

The  identification  of  this  Bpecies  as  an  enemj  <■!  poplar,  and  wh.it 

appears  t<>  be  the  first  record  <>f  its  food  habits,  was  made  by  the  late 

Dr.  l.nitiM'i  in  ins  report  as  State  entomologist  ol  \<w  fork  for  1883 

p.  50),  ill**  observation  having  been  made  ;ii  Elk  Lake,  Esse*  (  oonty, 

\.  Y.     [t  is  as  follows : 

Upon  some  out  poplars  {Populu$  trtmuloide*)  piled  bj  the  wayside  a  larg sbei 

of  a  wood-boring  beetle,    [grilut  totyidm    Lee.     which]  had  never  met  with  Ix 
w  <  !«•  observed  slighting  from  theii  iliuht  in  the  bright  sunshine  and  running  in  jerk 
tag  motions  actively  over  the  bark,     it-  larvs  La  donbtlesa  ■  borer  in  the  poplar. 
si\t\  two  examples  of  it  were  taken. 

Practically  the  same  statement  is  repeated  in  the  same  writer's  fifth 
report  (p,  283).  Again,  in  his  tenth  report  (p.  407),  this  same  occur 
rence  is  referred  t<>.  the  original  identified!  ion  of  t  he  Bpecies  as  torpidus 
being  altered  to  auxins,  as  the  latter  is  now  known  to  !><•  ;i  synonym. 

Mere  mention  is  made  of  what  is  probably  this  species  by  Mr.  W.  II. 

Barriugton,  who  includes  Agrilus  torpidus  ( I)  m  his  list  of  insects  taken 
on  willow,  published  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist  for  June,  L884  Vol. 
XVI,  \k  101  . 

In  the  list  of  the  Buprestidse  of  Massachusetts  compiled  by  Dr, 
Frederick  Blanchard  and  published  in  Entomologica  Americana  (VoL 
v.,  p.  32,  Feb.  1889)  appears  the  following  concerning  this  species, 
also  mentioned  as  torpidus  Lee.:  "A  few  specimens  were  taken  on  the 
summit  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire,  whither  they  had 
flown  from  below.  The  form  described  as  gravis  oceans  in  Massachu- 
setts on  poplar  sprouts  and  trunks." 

In  Insect  Life  for  October,  1891  (Vol.  IV,  p.  66),  Mr.  <i.  C.  Davis  con 
siders  this  species  in  its  aspect  as  an   enemy  of  willow  growing  at 
Agricultural  College,  Michigan,  as  follows: 

Galls  made  on  branches  of  the  willow,  Salix  discolor,  by  Agrilus  torpidus  have 
been  found  quite  common  in  certain  districts  near  here,  and  in  other  districts  was 
ibu ml  Saperda  coneolor  in  galls  equally  ae  numerous.  In  no  case  yel  noticed  have 
the  two  been  found  in  close  proximity.  The  nails  made  by  the  linprestid  are  an 
oval  swelling  of  the  live  branch  very  similar  to  the  one  made  by  Saperda.  Inside 
there  is  a  difference  in  the  architecture  of  the  home.  While  the  Saperda  remains 
mostly  within  the  swelling  and  makes  its  exit  through  it.  the  Agrilus  bores  an  oval 
gallery  downward  from  the  gall,  sometimes  in  the  pith,  but  oftener  indiscriminately 
through  the  wood,  and  makes  its  exit  often  an  inch  and  a  half  below.  The  imago 
issued  about  a  month  later  than  the  Saperda. 

Our  first  positive  notice  of  attack  upon  birch  appears  to  be  that  <»t 
Mr.  K.  A.  Schwarz,  of  this  Division,  who  mentions  this  Bpecies  in  con- 
nection with  injury  ascribed  to  the  scolytid,  Xyloterus  politus  Proc 
Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  II,  p.  78).  In  the  case  mentioned,  trees  of  silver 
birch,  Betula alba,  were  destroyed  at  Detroit,  Mich.  .Mr.  Schwarz  is 
now  of  the  opinion  that  this  Agrilus  was  probably  the  insect  responsible 
for  the  subsequent  destruction  of  all  the  trees  of  this  species  known  to 
be  growing  at  Detroit. 

8193— No.  18 -4 


50 

In  1896  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack  published  in  Garden  and  Forest  (July  1, 1896, 
p.  269)  a  short  account  oi  injury  to  birch  trees  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum 
at  Plainfield,  Mass.,  from  which  the  following,  having  reference  probably 
to  this  species,  is  copied : 

Some  of  the  foreign  birches  in  the  arboretum  and  other  localities  about  Boston 
have  been  killed  by  the  attacks  of  boring  larva',  of  a  beetle  belonging  to  the  genus 
Agrilus,  and  probably  an  introduction  from  Europe.  The  insect  bores  into  the  trunk 
and  limbs,  ultimately  killing  the  tree.  Its  presence  is  often  indicated  by  a  slight 
swelling  of  the  bark. 

Among  the  writer's  collecting  notes,  made  previous  to  his  connection 
with  the  Department,  is  one  of  the  capture  of  this  species  July  20, 1884, 
on  willow,  associated  with  A,  politics  Say,  the  latter  a  well-known  wil- 
low borer,  being  observed  in  greater  abundance.  This  is  briefly  men- 
tioned as  a  willow  species  in  Entomologica  Americana  (Vol.  A',  p.  220, 
Dec,  1889). 

To  this  must  be  added  reference  to  a  note  which  appeared  in  letter 
form  under  various  titles  over  Mr.  Adams's  signature  in  the  Buffalo 
(N.  Y.)  daily  journals  of  October  9  aud  10,  1898.  In  this  letter  Mr. 
Adams  called  particular  attention  to  the  value  of  the  early  destruction 
by  burning  of  all  dying  or  injured  birch  trees  in  the  infested  locality. 
The  identification  of  the  depredator  as  a  species  of  Agrilus  was  first 
made  public  through  a  short  letter  addressed  to  Mr.  Adams  by  Mr.  0.  L. 
Marlatt,  of  this  Division,  and  published  in  the  proceedings  of  the  board 
of  park  commissioners  of  the  city  of  Buffalo.  (Buffalo  yews,  Xov.  7, 
1898.)* 

METHODS   OF   CONTROL. 

From  our  present  knowledge  of  the  life  habits  of  this  insect  there 
are  only  two  methods  of  control  indicated.  These  are  clean  cultural 
practice  and  the  employment  of  precautionary  measures  which  will 
serve  the  purpose  of  deterring  the  insects  from  depositing  their  eggs 
upon  the  trees  and  from  effecting  their  egress  through  the  bark  of  in- 
fested trees. 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  trees  can  be  saved  after  the  borers  have 
once  taken  possession  of  them,  aud  the  only  thing  to  do  is  to  cut  down 
and  destroy  them  by  burning  before  the  following  May  or  in  time  to 
prevent  the  issuance  of  the  adult  beetles  in  June.  It  is  of  prime  impor- 
tance that  the  utmost  care  be  observed  to  effect  the  destruction  of  all 
dead  and  dying  trees  before  the  time  for  the  beetles  to  issue  for  the 
deposition  of  their  eggs  in  the  early  summer,  and  this  applies  to  every 
bit  of  wood  of  birch,  poplar,  and  willow  that  may  be  infested  or  that 
may  harbor  this  insect  and  thus  prove  a  center  of  infestation  to  healthy 
or  uninfested  growth. 

Some  species  of  Agrilus  have  been  observed  to  feed  freely  upon  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaves  of  their  host  trees,  and  it  will  be  worth 

*  Since  tbe  present  article  went  to  press  a  few  similar  letters  have  appeared. 


51 

while  to  ascertain  to  what  extent  the  beetles  of  tiu>  birofa  borer  feed 
npon  th<-  foliage  of  birch,  willow,  and  poplar,  .1-  n  maj  l>«-  possible 
to  reach  man.)  iu  this  waj  1>>  spraying  free!]  with  ;i  solution  of  Paris 
green,  applied  at  the  rate  of  a  pound  to  LOO  or  L50  gallons  ol  water. 
Uninfested  trees  ma}  be  protected  bj  various  mixtures,  a  rather  full 
list  of  which  has  been  published  in  Circular  No  1,  «'t 

this  Division,  copies  of  \Niii<li  will  be  sent  to  anyone  desiring  them. 
In  addition  to  the  preventives  there  described,  it  maybe  stated  that 
Mr.  Adams  1-  advising  .1  mixture  of  resin  and  unboiled  linseed  oil. 
This  he  uses  at  the  rate  of  1  pounds  of  resin  t<>  1  quart  of  oil,  the  resin 
melted  and  the  oil  poured  in  while  hot.  The  resin  can  l><-  < » i » t : » i  1 1 « -< J  in 
lots  <»t"  \  pounds  or  more  at  2  cents  a  pound,  and  the  oil  in  single  gallon 
lots  at  i<»  cents  ;:  gallon.  It  may  be  applied  to  the  trunk  and  branches 
with  a  paint  brush. 

Dendrolene,  raupenleim,  and  similar  dark-colored  mixtures,  although 
of  \  alue  against  related  borers,  as,  for  example,  tin*  sinuate  pear  borer, 
arc  hardly  to  be  recommended  for  birch  trees  with  white  bark,  as  they 
mar  the  beauty  of  the  trunks.  Light-colored  mixtures  are  preferable, 
and  it  is  possible  that  a  considerable  measure  of  protection  would  be 
afforded  by  a  thick  whitewash  poisoned  with  a  small  quantity  of  some 
arsenite,  Buch  as  arsenate  of  lead.  There  is  danger  in  t lie  application 
of  a  Btrong  arsenical  to  voting  trees,  but  it  will  not  harm  trees  of  older 
growth. 

In  some  instances  it  might  pay,  for  the  protection  of  valuable  trees 
in  private  grounds,  and  for  paper  birch  and  trees  with  similar  rough, 
papery  bark,  to  cover  the  trunks  thoroughly  with  paper  wrappings  and 
whitewash  or  otherwise  treat  the  brandies. 

A  mixture  of  hydraulic  cement  and  skim  milk  of  the  consistency  of 
thick  paint  i>  worth  the  experiment  against  this  insect,  as  it  has  been 
found  of  value  against  the  peach-tree  borer. 

The  preventives  used  should  be  applied  to  the  trees  just  before  the 
issuance  of  the  beetles,  which  may  be,  in  some  localities  at  least,  as 
early  as  the  latter  days  of  May.  If  paper  wrappings  are  used  they 
can  be  removed  as  soon  as  the  danger  season  is  passed,  which  will  be 
within  two  or  three  months  of  the  time  of  first  appearance  of  the 
beetles.  If  cement  be  the  remedy  employed  it  should  be  broken  up 
with  a  broom  or  stiff  brush  as  soon  as  the  danger  time  is  over;  it  is 
imperative  that  the  cement  be  not  left  on  the  bark  of  young,  growing 
trees  longer  than  is  necessary,  as  its  presence  might  interfere  with  the 
tree's  growth. 

A  measure  of  utmost  value  for  the  protection  of  trees  from  the 
attacks  of  borers  consists  in  keeping  them  in  the  best  possible  con- 
dition, free  from  fungi,  moss,  or  abnormal  growth,  from  loose  bark, 
and.  in  short,  keeping  the  trunks  as  clean  as  possible.  In  some  cases 
the  use  of  a  fertilizer  might  assist  the  trees  to  withstand  borer  attack. 


52 

A  NEW  NOMENCLATURE   FOR  THE  BROODS  OF  THE  PERIODICAL 

CICADA. 

By  C.  L.  Marl att. 

The  writer  reviewed  the  different  nomenclatures  suggested  by  various 
authors  for  the  broods  of  the  periodical  Cicada  in  Bulletin  No.  14,  new 
series,  of  the  Division  of  Entomology,  and  therefore  a  brief  summary 
of  the  old  systems  is  all  that  need  be  given  here. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  earlier  writers,  viz,  Prof.  Nat.  Potter, 
Dr.  William  T.  Harris,  and  Dr.  G.  B.  Smith,  classified  the  broods  solely 
according  to  the  years  of  their  appearance.  The  unpublished  register 
left  by  Dr.  Smith  includes  every  brood  now  known  classified  according 
tp  race,  and  gives  the  localities  for  one  additional  brood,  the  existence 
of  which  seems  not  to  have  been  confirmed.  Though  lacking  any  spe- 
cial designation  for  the  broods,  Dr.  Smith's  classification  is  as  complete 
and  accurate  as  that  published  by  Dr.  Riley  and  since  followed  by  all 
later  writers.  Dr.  Asa  Fitch  was  the  first  to  introduce  a  numbering 
system  for  the  different  broods,  enumerating  nine  altogether,  but  his 
data  was  very  limited  and  he  was  not  aware  of  the  13-year  southern 
period,  and  there  necessarily  resulted  no  little  confusion  of  the  broods 
of  the  two  races.  The  Walsh  Riley  enumeration  of  1868  gave  the 
records  for  sixteen  broods,  which  were  designated  by  roman  numerals 
from  I  to  XVI,  the  enumeration  being  based  on  the  sequence  of  the 
different  broods  after  1868.  In  1869,  in  his  First  Missouri  Report,  Dr. 
Riley,  having  in  the  meantime  secured  the  manuscript  paper  of  Dr. 
Smith,  added  the  six  broods  lrom  this  paper  not  represented  in  the 
Walsh-Riley  enumeration,  increasing  the  number  of  the  broods  to  XXII, 
and  renumbered  them  again  in  accordance  with  their  sequence,  begin- 
ning with  1869.  Several  of  these  broods  are  rather  unimportant,  or 
lack  confirmation,  and  one  of  them,  Brood  III,  was  founded  on  an  erro- 
neous record  and  has  been  dropped. 

In  the  enumeration  of  the  broods  by  Walsh-Riley,  and  later  by  Riley,  the 
two  races  are  mixed  together  and  a  sequence  of  numbers  given,  which, 
after  the  first  thirteen  years,  lost  all  significance  as  a  record  of  the  order 
of  the  broods  in  time  of  appearance,  and  from  the  first  obscured  the  true 
kinship  of  the  broods  iu  each  race.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  each  race  be 
considered  separately  and  its  broods  be  arranged  in  a  series  in  accord- 
ance with  their  sequence  in  time,  an  important  natural  relationship  in 
point  of  origin  and  distribution  is  plainly  indicated. 

Taking  first  the  broods  of  the  17  year  race,  it  will  be  seen  from  the 
subjoined  table  that  if  the  enumeration  begin  with  Brood  XI,  the 
17-year  broods  follow  each  other  in  regular  succession  for  eleven  con- 
secutive years ;  then  after  a  break  of  one  year  follows  Broods  V  and 
VIII,  and  after  another  break  of  one  year,  Brood  IX ;  another  break 


of  oue  year  precedes  the  nexl  recurrence  o!   Brood  X  I,  with  which  th€ 
sei  ies  starts: 

ChronoloffUml  order  of  th4  hrootU  o)  tin  i  ..  ,1,1,1  <,,,,„ 


\l 

Ml 

Mil 

\l\ 

W 

W  11 

M\ 

w 

\\  1 

Will 

II 

11 

VI 

Ml 

IMS 

W1I 

1 

■ 

\ 
\  III 

. 

Will 

UUO                

1  \ 

M 

1  1 

1901 

X 

[1 

\  I 

Taking  up  the  L3-year  broods  in  the  same  way,  it  will  be  seen  thai 
if  the  enumeration  start  with  Brood  XVI,  a  L3-year  brood  follows  in 
regular  succession  for  si  \  years.  With  t  In-  exception  of  the  \  ery  d< .ut >t- 
ful  Brood  X,  which  is  separated  from  the  last  13-year  brood  by  three 
years,  there  follows  seven  successive  years  in  which  no  L3-year  broods 

occur. 

Under  the  supposition  that  the  different  broods  of  the  17-year  and 
13-year  races  sprang  in  the  remote  past  from  an  original  brood  of  each, 

it  would  naturally  follow  that  the  broods  most  closely  related  in  time 
would  also  present  a  closer  relationship  in  their  range,  and  this,  in  fact, 
proves  to  be  generally  true. 

To  show  this  relationship  and  to  indicate  the  natural  order  of  their 
occurrence.  I  have  to  suggest  a  new  enumeration  of  the  broods  in  which 
the  two  races  are  separated — the  17-year  broods  coming  first,  followed, 
for  Dnvenience  merely,  by  the  13-year  broods.  Thus  Brood  XI  of  the 
17  year  race  becomes  Brood  I,  and  the  others  are  numbered  in  the  reg- 
ular order  of  their  occurrence,  except  that  I  have  assigned  a  brood 
number  to  each  of  the  seventeen  years.  This  leaves  Broods  XII,  XV. 
and  XVII,  as  newly  numbered,  without  any  definite  colonies,  s<>  far 
accepted,  as  representatives  of  established  broods.  As  will  be  shown 
later,  however,  there  are  records  which  indicate  the  existence  of  small 
or  scattering  broods  tilling  the  three  gaps  mentioned  in  the  17-year 
seric-. 

In  the  renumbering  the  broods  of  the  13-year  race  J  have  continued 
for  convenience  from  the  end  of  the  series  of  the  17-year  race,  the  first 
13-year  brood  becoming  Brood  KV1II,  and  I  have  assigned  brood  num- 
bers to  each  year  of  the  13-year  period,  making  a  total  enumeration  of 
the  broods  of  both  races  of  XXX.  As  already  indicated,  six  of  the 
numbers  given  to  the  13-year  race  have  had  no  brood  assigned  to  them, 
although  records  have  been  secured  which  seem  to  indicate  the  exist- 
ence of  scattering  broods  tilling  some  of  the  gaps,  as  will  be  noted  in 
the  records  given  further  on. 

It  does  not  necessarily  follow,  in  tact  it  is  quite  unlikely,  that  Brood 


54 

I,  as  here  designated,  is  the  original  or  oldest  brood  of  the  17  year 
race.  Undoubtedly  some  of  the  17-year  broods,  perhaps  half  or  more 
of  them,  originated  by  retardation  of  individuals,  and  perhaps  half  by 
acceleration  of  individuals;  so  that  the  original  brood,  if  it  still  exists, 
is  more  likely  to  be  one  of  the  intermediate  ones.  Brood  X,  being  the 
largest  of  the  17-year  broods,  perhaps  has  best  claim  to  this  distinction. 

For  the  same  reasons  an  intermediate  brood  in  the  13-year  series  is 
doubtless  the  original  brood  of  the  13-year  race,  and  this  title  may  pos- 
sibly belong  to  Brood  XIX  which  has  the  widest  range  of  all  the  broods 
of  the  13-year  race.  The  fewer  number  of  broods  in  this  race  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  it  is  of  later  origin  than  the  17-year  race,  and 
this  belief  is  further  justified  by  the  fact  of  its  occupying,  in  the  main, 
a  territory  of  later  geological  formation. 

The  following  table,  beginning  with  1893,  when  the  initial  broods  of 
both  the  17-year  and  the  13-year  series  appeared  in  conjunction,  illus- 
trates the  new  nomenclature  suggested,  and  in  parallel  columns  also 
are  given  the  corresponding  nomenclatures  proposed  by  Professor 
Riley,  by  Walsh  and  Riley,  by  Fitch,  and  the  year  records  in  Dr. 
Smith's  register: 


Xomenclature  of  the  broods  of  the  periodical  Cicada. 


Broods  of  the  17-year  race. 

Broods  of  the  13-year  race. 

Tear. 

Proposed     Riley 

enumer-      nuru- 

ation.     |    bers. 

Walsh- 
Riley 
num- 
bers. 

Fitch 
num- 
bers. 

Smith 
register. 

Proposed     Riley  f^ffl?":   Fitch 

enumer-      nam-        v      •        num- 

ation.     1    bers.       v,era        bers. 

Smith 
register. 

1893 

I           XT 

1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 

XVIII 

XIX 

XX 

XVI 

XVIII 

IT 

1854 

1894 

1895 

II 

III 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

IX 

X 

XI 

XIT 

XII 

xiii 

XIV 

XV 

XVII 

XIX 

XX 

XXI 

XXII 

I 
v" 

VIII 

VIII 

IX 

X 

XI 

XII 

1 
..... 

XIII 

3 

1842-1855 
1843 

1896 

XXI           IV 

1844 

1897 

1888 

1899 

XXII 

XXIII 

XXIV 

XXV 

XXVI 

xxvn 

XXVIII 

XXIX 

XXX 

XVIII 

XIX 

XX 

XXI 

VI 
VII 

IV 
V 

5" 

1845 
1846-1859 

1900 

XIV 

XV 

XVI 

I 

II 
III 

VI 

2-8 
5 
4 
9 

6* 

3 

1901 

X 

1849 

1902  . 

]903 

1904 

1905...                 XIII 

1906 XIV 

xvi 

XVIII 

II 

IV 

1854 

1907 XV 

XIII 

3 

1842-1855 

1908 

XVI 
XVII 

IX 

VII 

1843 

1909 

1844 

THE   RELATIONSHIP    OF    THE   DIFFERENT    BROODS. 


As  a  rule  the  relationship  of  the  broods  in  point  of  distribution 
agrees  with  their  kinship  as  indicated  by  their  sequence  in  time  of 
appearance.  The  relationship  indicated  by  the  latter,  viz,  their 
sequence  in  time,  is  doubtless  untrustworthy  as  indicating  origin,  in 
some  instances,  on  account  of  the  uncertainty  arising  from  the  action 
of  the  principle  of  retardation  on  the  one  hand  and  acceleration  on  tbe 
other  in  tbe  forming  of  new  broods. 

In  the  case  of  a  widely  scattered  brood,  like  Brood  VI,  it  is  quite 


56 

possible  that  certain  swarms  originated  from  a  later-apix  l>i I 

i»\  retardation  of  individuals,  and  othei  swarms  from  an  earliei  brood 
t»\  aoceleration  in  time  of  appearance  of  individuals. 

This  — ; i iii*-  condition   maj  be  true  of  other  of  the  more  scattered 
broods, but  with  the  broods  presenting  ;i  compact  range  ;i  singlenc 
ni  igin  is  r\  idem. 

Examination  of  the  distribution  of  the  broods  in  connection  with 
their  sequence  in  time  of  appearance  indicates,  however,  a  certain 
relationship  between  the  different  broods  in  point  of  origin,  which  may 

be  indicated   as  follow  9 

I  ill     REJ    LTIONSHIP    01      I  BE    17  \  \-\\u    BROODS. 

Prom  the  standpoint  of  distribution  the  broods  of  the  17-year  race 
may  be  grouped  as  follows:    l     Broods  I  and  II:    2    Broods  III  and 

l\  ":  3  Brood  \:  i,  Brood  VI;  (5)  Broods  \  II.  \ '111.  IV  X,and  \l: 
(6  Broods  XII, XIII,  XIV,  and  XV;  7  Broods  XVI  and  XVII,  the 
last  connecting  again  with  Brood  I. 

Taking  up  these  broods  in  regular  order: 

The  main  body  of  Brood  I  occupies  territory  immediately  west  of 
the  more  important  Brood  II,  and  also  present- a  Dumber  of  colonies 
extending  westward  to  Colorado.  Broods  I  and  II  seem,  therefore, 
closely  allied  in  point  of  origin. 

Brood  III  presents  little,  if  any,  relationship  to  Brood  II  in  point  of 
location  and  distribution,  but  is  closely  allied  to  the  following  brood. 
I  Wand  the  latter  is  evidently  a  western  and  southern  extension  of  III. 

Brood  V  presents  little. relationship  with  Brood  [V  in  point  of  dis- 
tribution and  covers  a  very  compact  territory. 

Brood  VI.  being  a  widely  scattered  one,  and  occurring  usually  in 
small  numbers,  does  not  seem  to  present  any  particular  relationship 
with  any  of  the  preceding  or  following  broods. 

Brood  VII  is  local  in  distribution  and  not  very  important,  and  is 
divided  into  two  sections  by  the  territory  occupied  by  the  following 
Brood  VIII,  with  which  it  thus  seems  to  be  closely  allied.  Brood  IX 
is  very  distinctly  a  southern  extension  of  Broods  VII  and  VIII.  These 
three  broods  seem,  therefore,  to  be  closely  allied  in  their  origin,  and, 
curiously  enough,  occupy  territory  which  divides  the  two  main  sections 
of  the  great  17-year  Brood  X,  which  next  follows  in  regular  succession. 
Brood  XI,  following  X.  is  evidently  an  extreme  northeastern  extension 
of  the  latter. 

Brood  XII.  immediately  preceding  XIII.  is  represented  by  a  series 
of  colonies  connecting  the  western   Brood   XIII  with  group  5.     Brood 

XIII  is  the  principal  representative  of  group  6  and  represents  a  large 
western  group  of  the  17-year  race  of  group  6,  which  comprises  the  main 
western  branch  of  the  17-year  race,  as  group  5  clustered  about  X  is  the 
principal  representative  of  the  eastern  branch  of  the  same  race.     Brood 

XIV  has  a  very  wide  range  to  the  eastward  of  XI 11,  and  connects  with 


56 

the  latter  through  the  colonies  in  northern  Illinois  and  Indiana.  Brood 
XV,  following  XIY.  is  limited  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  doubtful  colony  in  Indian  Territory,  and  connects  directly 
with  the  eastern  colonies  of  XIV. 

Brood  XVI  is  based  on  somewhat  doubtful  records,  the  Colorado 
locality  perhaps  being  due  to  confusion  with  some  other  species,  and 
the  other  records  needing  confirmation.  Brood  XVII  is  intermediate 
between  Brood  XVI  and  Brood  I,  its  western  colonies  connected  with 
the  former  and  the  eastern  colonies  with  the  latter. 

THE  RELATIONSHIP  OF  THE  13- YEAR  BROODS. 

The  broods  of  the  13-year  race  break  up  into  the  following  natural 
groups :  (1)  Belated  closely  to  Brood  XIX,  and  comprising  Broods  XVIII, 
XIX,  and  XX;  and  (2)  related  to  Brood  XXIII,  and  comprising  Broods 
XXI,  XXII,  XXIII,  and  our  new  Brood  XXIV. 

The  first  of  these  broods,  Brood  XVIII,  is  a  rather  insignificant  one 
and  is  undoubtedly  an  eastern  extension  or  otfshoot  of  the  great  13  year 
Brood  XIX,  which  succeeds  it.  Brood  XX  is  undoubtedly  a  section  of 
Brood  XIX  retarded  one  year,  just  as  Brood  XVI  is  an  accelerated 
swarm  of  the  same.  Both  represent  eastern  extensions  of  the  parent 
brood. 

Brood  XXI,  separated  from  Brood  XIX  by  two  years,  seems  to  bear 
little  relationship  to  the  latter,  and  a  more  logical  arrangement  consists 
in  connecting  it  with  Brood  XXIII  through  Brood  XXII,  of  which  last 
it  may  be  considered  as  an  eastern  and  northern  extension.  Brood 
XXII  is  a  very  marked  instance  of  the  formation  of  a  new  brood  by  an 
acceleration  in  time  of  the  appearance  of  a  portion  of  a  larger  and 
older  brood.  Its  relationship  with  Brood  XXIII  is  very  marked  and 
can  not  be  questioned.  Brood  XXIII,  the  main  representative  of  this 
group,  is  followed  by  the  new  Brood  XXIV,  which  is  evidently  a 
retarded  swarm  of  the  preceding  brood. 

Of  the  new  Broods  XXIX  and  XXX,  both  of  which  need  verification, 
no  significant  relationship  can  be  pointed  out. 

Brood  XXIX  is  very  doubtful,  and  the  records  are  possibly  based  on 
confusion  with  the  17-year  race. 

NEW   BROODS,  17-YEAR    RACE. 

Brood  XII,  1904. — If  his  records  are  correct,  this  brood  is  the  one 
referred  to  by  Br.  G.  B.  Smith  as  occurring  in  1853  in  Vinton  County, 
Ohio,  and  Jo  Daviess  County,  111.  Its  recurrence  seems  not  to  have 
been  recorded  either  in  1870  or  1887,  and  Smith's  records  are  therefore 
open  to  question. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Burke,  Milton,  Cabell  County,  W.  Va.,  writing  under  date 
of  May  22,  1897,  says:  "'The  Cicada  is  not  due  here  until  1904;  its  last 
visit  was  in  1887." 


Mr.   W  .  8.   I  l«'ii  i<  k.    I'll  ii  i  man.   Allm  (   onilty,   I  ml.,  w  i  ill-  -  Ulldei    llatC 

of  J  ii im>  10, 1808,  that  "  We  had  the  17-year  locust  in  1887,  if  1  remember 
niihrii\."  This  i-  also  ;i  doubtful  record,  and  it  is  possible  that  be 
referred  either  to  Brood  XXII,  occurring  in  L885,  oi  Brood  \  ,  occurring 
in  1888. 

That  all  these  records  are  open  to  some  doubt  i^  apparent,  but  thej 
arc  i»i  sufficient  importance  to  warrant  investigation  In  1904, 

Brood  \  i  .  '  '  , .  This  brood  is  represented  l»\  the  colonj  appearing 
ai  Tivoli,  Duchess  County,  and  Gal  way,  Saratoga  County,  N.  5 ..  in 
eimir.  L890,  as  recorded  1>.\  Prof.  J,  A.  Lintner  in  bis  Seventh  Report, 
pages  297  301.  Mi.  Davis  records  the  occurrence  <»i  scattering  indi 
viduals  the  same  year  <>n  Staten  Island.  In  a  letter  of  June  2,  L890, 
Prof.  J,  B.  Smith,  New  Brunswick,  N".  J.,  reports  that  the  periodical 
Cicada  bad  been  taken  i>\  several  Newark  collectors,  and  bad  also  been 

observed  at   Anvjesca.  Cape  May  (  ounty. 

Another  record  which  perhaps  applies  to  this  brood  is  given  by  Mr. 
1.  N.  Smith,  Scotland  Neck,  Halifax  County,  X.  C,  in  letter  of  June  22, 
1885.  lie  reports  that  his"  First  recollect  ion  of  the  locust  wasabout  the 
year  1839  or  1840,  when  the  whole  of  the  white-oak  lands  were  tilled 
with  them.  *  *  In  L856  or  1856  they  appeared  again,  but  nothing 
to  compare  with  the  period  first  stated.  The  locust-  were  all  on  the 
white-oak  land  and  on  the  Roanoke  River  and  not  on  the  pine  Lands." 
Assuming  the  dates  1839  and  L850  to  be  the  correct  ones,  this  would 
throw  this  swarm  of  ( 'icadas  into  Brood  X  V,  and  if  there  arc  an\  i  epic 
sentatives  left  they  should  reappear  in  1907. 

The  late  Mr.  \Y.  S.  Robertson,  of  Muscogee,  End.  T.,  in  letter  of  dime 
17.  1879,  incidentally  mentioned  also  the  occurrence  of  a  brood  of  Cica- 
das in  1839.  This  record  could  not  fall  in  any  one  of  the  old  broods, 
and  if  it  belongs  to  the  17-year  race  it  would  be  an  extreme  western 
outpost  of  X  V. 

Brood  X  17/.  1909, — A  very  defiuite  record  which  may  coincide  with 
this  brood  is  furnished  by  Mr.  Theodore  I'ergande,  of  this  Division. 
who  states  that  Mr.  Kosseau.  of  Charlottesville.  Albemarle  County.  Vn.. 
informed  him  that  the  Cicada  was  very  numerous  in  that  place  in  L875. 
His  informant  was  positive  as  to  the  year  from  its  being  the  one  in 
which  he  made  a  trip  to  Europe. 

Another  record  is  given  by  Mr.  John  I).  Macpherson,  lianassas, 
Prince  William  County,  Va..  in  letter  of  duly  3,  18(.)5.  He  writes: 
"  I  came  hereon  the  23d  of  dune,  leaving  the  Cicada  in  full  song  in 
Washington  (Brood  X).  Finding  none  here.  I  made  inquiry  and  was 
informed  that  they  appeared  in  full  force  in  this  county  Prince  Will 
iam)  in  the  year  1875.  This  information  I  regard  as  reliable,  the  date 
being  fixed  as  the  year  following  the  marriage  ami  arrival  of  my 
informant  in  this  county."  These  Virginia  swarms  arc  evidently  pre- 
cursors of  Brood  I,  with  which  they  are  therefore  closely  allied. 

A  western  extension  of  this  brood  seems  to  be  indicated  in  the 
record  furnished  by  II.   J.  (liddings.   Sabula.  Jackson   County,  Iowa. 


58 

He  writes,  "  during  last  June  (1892)  the  periodical  Cicada  was  quite 
common  here.  *  *  *  I  thought  it  was  unusual  to  find  them  in  such 
numbers  four  years  after  their  regular  appearance.  The  last  regular 
year  was  1888."     (See  Insect  Life,  Yol.  V,  page  200.) 

If  belonging  to  the  17-year  race,  the  two  records  following  should  also 
be  assigned  to  this  brood.  Mr.  A.  J.  Julian,  Woolleys  Ford,  Hall  County, 
Ga.,  reports  under  date  of  June  14,  1898,  that  the  Cicada  was  present 
there  in  1892.  Mr.  J.  W.  Seaton,  Strasburg,  Cass  County,  Mo.,  writes 
under  date  of  June  9  that  the  Cicada  last  appeared  in  that  county  in 
the  summer  of  1892  and  in  the  summer  of  1896,  being  numerous  both 
years.  The  1896  record  refers  to  the  17 -year  Brood  IV,  and  hence  the 
record  of  1892  is  probably  also  of  the  17- year  race  occurring  in  the 
same  district. 

The  scattering  specimens  recorded  by  Mr.  Davis  as  occurring  on 
Staten  Island  in  1892  may  also  be  assigned  to  this  brood. 

NEW   BROODS,    13- YEAR    RACE. 

Brood  XXIV,  1899.— Mr.  P.  Lynch,  Commerce,  Scott  County,  Mo., 
under  date  of  December  27,  1874,  reports  that  the  Cicada  appeared  in 
the  summer  of  1873  in  considerable  numbers,  coming  in  June  and 
remaining  about  two  months.  "Their  eastern  limit  in  this  county 
(Scott)  was  the  Mississippi  River,  but  they  were  as  numerous  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river  in  Alexander  County,  111." 

Mr.  W.  S.  Campere,  Pickens  Station,  Holmes  County,  Miss.,  writes 
under  date  of  February  27,  1875,  that  the  Cicadas  appeared  in  great 
numbers  in  April,  1873.  These  two  records  would  indicate  a  brood 
originating  doubtless  by  retardation  of  individuals  of  Brood  XXIII. 

Brood  XXIX,  1904. — It  is  possible  that  the  following  records  apply 
to  a  13-year  race,  and  in  that  case  should  be  assigned  to  our  Brood 
Xo.  XXIX. 

Mr.  C.  J.  Wellborn,  Blairsville,  Union  County,  Ga.,  writes  under 
date  of  June  12,  1885,  that  "in  May,  1878,  locusts  appeared  south  of 
this  place  and  the  northern  limit  then  was  the  present  southern  limit 
of  the  territory  covered  now  (by  Brood  X,  1885)." 

Mr.  James  Pagon,  Winnsboro,  Fairfield  County.  S.  C,  writes  that 
locusts  appeared  in  South  Carolina  in  1878,  but  does  not  give  definite 
localities.     Both  these  records  need  confirmation. 

Brood  XXX,  1905. — Mr.  B.  H.  Brodnax,  Brodnax,  Morehouse  Parish, 
La.,  writes  under  date  May  13,  1892,  that  Cicadas  are  scatteringly 
present,  and  in  a  later  letter  he  asserts  that  the  insect  in  question  is 
the  periodical  Cicada,  with  which  he  is  familiar. 

The  records  given  above  of  new  broods  of  the  13-year  race  are  rather 
unsatisfactory,  and  it  may  be  true  that  the  13-year  race  has  not  by 
any  means  distributed  itself  over  its  entire  period,  and  the  broods  still 
cluster  about  the  two  main  representatives  of  the  race,  namely  Broods 
XIX  and  XXIII. 


A  CONSIDERATION  OF  THE  VALIDITY  OF  THE  OLD  RECORDS  BEAR 
ING  ON  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  BROODS  OF  THE  PERIODICAL 
CICADA,  WITH  PARTICULAR  REFERKNCK  TO  T!IK  OOOUBBEVd 
OF  BROODS  VI  AND  XXIII  IN   1898. 

By  <        I       M  u:l   \  I  i. 
■  I     EBRORfi    in     i  11  I.    OLD    BBO<  »BD8. 

In  examining  1 1 1  *  -  records  of  the  distribution  <>i'  the  twenty-one  broods 
^)\'  the  Periodical  Cicada  hitherto  accepted,  it  is  seen  that  considerable 
uncertainty  attaches  to  the  data  of  certain  broods,  not  only  from  the 
fact  of  then  covering  iu  greater  or  less  degree  territory  occupied  by 
both  races,  bul  more  particularly  because  the  records  are  frequently 
based  on  years  in  which  broods  bo  overlapping  have  appeared  in  con- 
junction. Examining  the  21  broods  hitherto  studied,  it  will  be  Been 
that  in  each  period  of  17  years  between  six  and  oine  years  are  signal 
tzed  by  the  joint  occurrence  of  a  17  and  L3  year  brood.  Owing  t<>  the 
difference  in  the  periods  between  the  recurrences  of  the  southern  race 
and  northern  race,  different  broods  of  both  races  are  being  constantly 
brought  into  relationship  with  each  other,  and  in  fact  the  same  two 
broods  can  come  together  only  once  in  221  years.  For  example,  the 
broods  which  unite  in  appearance  the  present  year  were  last  in  conjunc- 
tion in  16!>7  and  will  not  come  together  again  until  the  year  21  L9. 

The  overlapping  of  broods  thus  appearing  in  conjunction,  including 
some  of  the  more  important  ones  of  both  races,  h;is  given  much  uncer- 
tainty to  some  of  the  records.  In  the  case  of  the  broods  of  the  1 7  year 
race,  the  following  extend  on  their  southern  boundaries  into  the  tern" 
tory  of  the  l'i  year  race,  and  hence  the  records  of  t  he  southern  localities 
are  open  to  some  question:  Broods  VI.  X.  XIV,  XVI,  I,  IV.  t<»  a  slight 
extent  also  in  the  case  of  Broods  IE  and  III,  and  doubtfully  in  the  case 
of  Brood  IX,  the  possibility  of  confusion  in  this  last  brood  depending 
on  the  accuracy  of  the  extreme  northeastern  extension  of  the  i:; -year 
Brood  XIX.* 

The  following'  broods  of  the  13-year  race  extend  northward  into  the 
territory  occupied  by  the  17-year  race,  and  are  hence  open  to  some 
question  :  Broods  X  X  1 1 1 .  X  VI 1 1 .  XIX.  and  X  X . 

The  records  can  not  be  questioned  of  the  17-year  Broods  VII,  VIII, 
XI,  XIII,  and  V.  and  of  the  13-year  Broods  XXIV,  XXI.  and  XXII. 
because  these  broods  are  limited  in  distribution  to  the  territory  of  a 
single  race. 

The  most  notable  instance  of  the  overlapping  ami  consequent  prob- 
able confusion  of  the  records  is  seen  in  the  case  of  Brood  X  of  the 
17  year  race  with  Broods  XXIII  and  XIX  of  the  1.3-year  race.  The 
remarkable  feature  in  the  distribution  of  the  broods  named  is  the  not 


*  See  map  of  races  and  liroo.ls  giveD  m  Hull.   It,  new  ser.,  U.  8.  l>rj>t.  Auric.  I  i  -  s . 
2-19  (pp.  25-49). 


60 

able  extension  northward  in  Illinois  and  Missouri  of  the  13  year  Broods 
XXIII  and  XIX,  which  till  almost  exactly  a  district  which  would  nat- 
urally be  supposed  to  belong  to  the  17-year  race  and  probably  to 
Brood  X.  As  pointed  out  elsewhere,*  this  circumstance  has  special 
significance  when  it  is  remembered  that  the  northward  extension  of  the 
13-year  race  is  based  on  Broods  XIX  and  XXIII,  and  that  records  of 
the  former  were  collected  for  the  most  part  in  1868,  when  this  brood 
was  in  conjunction  with  Brood  X,  and  of  the  latter  m  1885,  when  Brood 
XXIII  was  also  in  conjunction  with  Brood  X,  tbe  limits  of  which  curi 
ously  enough  stop  rather  suddenly  at  or  near  the  eastern  State  line  of 
Illinois.  A  possibility  is  immediately  suggested  that  the  northern 
localities  assigned  to  Broods  XIX  and  XXIII  properly  belong  to  Brood 
X.  It  is  true,  however,  that  records  obtained  the  present  year  in  the 
main  seem  to  sustain  the  accuracy  of  the  older  records,  but  thexe  is 
still  sufficient  doubt  to  warrant  the  taking  of  considerable  pains  in 
future  to  obtain  accurate  and  full  records  of  the  distribution  on  the 
occasions  of  the  recurrences  of  the  several  broods  mentioned.  Fortu- 
nately, in  1902,  the  date  of  the  next  appearance  of  Brood  X,  there  is  no 
13-year  brood  to  confuse  the  records  which  may  then  be  made. 

Many  of  the  other  scattering  records  of  13-year  broods  northward, 
or  of  17-year  broods  southward,  may  possibly  be  based  on  similar  con- 
fusions, arising  from  the  overlapping  of  broods  of  the  two  races. 

The  only  way  to  accurately  define  the  range  of  the  different  broods 
is  to  undertake  with  each  recurrence  a  thorough  and  systematic  investi 
gation  of  all  the  territory  open  to  the  least  doubt.  Such  work  has  been 
repeatedly  instituted,  and  rjarticularly  since  18(58,  and  many  of  the  more 
strictly  limited  broods  have  been  very  carefully  recorded  and  their  dis- 
tribution has  been  satisfactorily  defined.  Work  of  this  kind  has  been 
done  for  Brood  III  in  Iowa  by  Professor  Bessey,  and  for  Brood  V  in 
Ohio  and  West  Virginia  by  Professors  Webster  and  Hopkins.  Similar 
work  has  been  done  for  Brood  II  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey  by  Drs. 
Lintner  and  Smith,  and  for  X  and  XXIII  by  Riley  in  1885,  and  Brood 
XIX  by  Walsh  and  Eiley  in  1868. 

The  value  of  a  thorough  and  systematic  canvass  of  the  territory  sup- 
posed to  be  covered  by  any  brood  is  exhibited  in  much  of  the  work 
referred  to  above,  and  notably  in  the  case  of  Brood  V  studied  by  Pro 
fessors  Webster  and  Hopkins  in  Ohio  and  West  Virginia.  In  the  case 
of  this  brood,  however,  there  was  no  difficulty  from  an  association  with 
any  13-year  brood. 

WORK   UNDERTAKEN    FOR   BROODS   XX1I1   AND    VI   IN    1898. 

The  present  year  a  very  careful  investigation  was  undertaken  by  the 
writer  of  the  important  13-year  Brood  XXIII  andthe  widely  distributed 
but  less  important  17-year  Brood  VI.     By  calling  into  requisition  the 

*  Bull.  14,  etc.,  p.  26. 


61 

\  el  \     11  U  HUM  nils  cnii  ill  \    < -i»|  lr-|.u|i.|rlil  B  Ol     t  he  >l  a  list  lea  I    I  >l\  I>Imii  of    I  lit- 

Department  of  Agriculture,  and  also  of  the  w  eathei  Sei  \  ic< .  in  tuldi 

tiou  to  the  regular  correspondents  «>i   the  Divisi I    Kntomolo 

much  more  careful  and  thorough  canvass  was  possible  than  liud  evei 
before  been  made.     The  result  lias  been  most  satisfactory, the  ran 
these  two  broods  being  mnefa  more  accurately  defined  than  ever  before. 

Several  thousand  replies  were  received  in  response  to  circulai 
out,  many  of  which  were  negative    tin'  investigation  (»•■  ended 

throughout  .ill  States  in  which  there  was  any  likelil I  <»t  the  api>ea] 

ance  of  tin-  Cicada,  and  necessarily  covering  man}  oouuties  and  dia 
tricts  w  here  the  Cicada  «  as  not  expected.  The  results  of  thin  canvass 
a  I »  to  June  20  were  recorded  in  Bulletin  No.  l  I.  new  series,  of  i  in-  Divi- 
sion of  Entomology,  A  large  number  of  replies  were  received  subse- 
quently to  that  date,  and  the  corrected  list  of  localities  is  appended, 
together  with  a  list  of  tin1  persons  reporting  and  a  brief  indication  of 
tlif  nature  oi  the  record. 

With  the  exception  of  the  southeastern  and  northwestern  range  of 
Brood  VI,  most  <»!'  the  records  for  this  brood  were  of  scattering  indi- 
viduals, in  many  localities  only  a  few  specimens  being  observed.  It  is 
quite  possible  also  tliat  the  records  for  Ohio,  West  Virginia,  and  Virginia 
in  some  cases  are  l>ascd  on  stragglers  from  Brood  V,  which  occurred  in 
L897.  Dense  swarms  of  Brood  VI  were,  however,  reported  from  the 
mountain  counties  of  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  <  leorgia,  and 
the  Hunts  of  the  brood,  in  this  portion  of  its  range,  are  now  determined 
with  fair  accuracy  for  the  first  time.  The  reports  from  the  mountain 
counties  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  belong  undoubtedly  also  to 
Brood  VI.  A  number  of  strong  swarms  of  this  brood  are  reported  in 
Wisconsin  and  several  in  Illinois.  Some  of  the  latter  assigned  to 
Brood  VI  may.  however,  belong  to  Brood  XXIII.  The  reports  if  they 
may  be  relied  upon  from  northern  Michigan  (Chippewa  and  Boughton 
counties)  and  from  northern  Wisconsin  (Burnett.  Sawyer,  and  Wash- 
ington counties)  carry  the  range  of  the  Cicada  farther  north  than  any 
oi   the  old  records. 

The  reports  of  Brood  XXllI  nearly  all  indicate  the  occurrence  of  the 
insect  in  enormous  numbers.  Unfortunately,  however,  there  enters 
again  with  this  brood  some  doubt  as  to  the  correct  reference  of  some  of 
the  localities  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  perhaps  northern  Missouri,  or.  in 
other  words,  where  the  territory  occupied  by  the  two  races  overlaps. 
In  most  of  the  records  assigned  to  this  brood,  however,  in  the  States 
mentioned  the  evidence  points  pretty  strongly  to  the  accuracy  of  the 
reference.     Where  there  is  uncertainty  a  query  follows  the  county. 

The  records  assigned  to  Brood  VI, in  North  Carolina,  South  ( 'arolina, 
and  Georgia,  and  in  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  can  not  be 
questioned.  The  counties  represented  are  in  the  main  in  an  elevated 
mountainous  district,  and  the  fact  that  the  Cicada  is  of  the  17-year 
race  is  established  by  the  elevation  or  by  the  earlier  records. 


62 

Local  investigations  have  also  been  undertaken  by  entomologists  in 
several  States.  A  report  from  Illinois  has  been  received  from  Pro- 
fessor Forbes,  adding  four  or  five  counties  to  the  records  obtained  for 
that  State.  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith  has  reported  from  Xew  Jersey,  adding 
five  counties  to  the  records  previously  obtained.  Professor  Gariuan 
has  added  six  counties  from  Kentucky  not  previously  reported,  all  ill 
the  eastern  end  of  the  State,  and  belonging  to  Brood  XXIII.  Professor 
Stedman  sends  an  extended  record  of  Missouri  counties  visited  by  the 
Cicada  this  year,  one  of  which  is  new  to  our  records. 

The  detailed  reports  from  the  parties  named  and  a  few  records  from 
other  sources  are  incorporated  in  the  records  given  below. 

The  records  are  summarized  by  States  and  cou  ^ies  for  each  brood. 
The  counties  marked  with  a  star  (*)  indicate  those  in  which  the  Cicada 
occurred  in  one  or  more  dense  swarms,  in  many  cases  several  reports 
being  received  from  the  same  county.  In  the  unstarred  counties  the 
Cicada  was  reported  in  few  or  scattering  numbers,  or  at  least  as  not 
abundant.  The  counties  in  italics  duplicate  old  records;  the  counties 
lacking  confirmation  by  the  records  of  this  year  are  inclosed  in  paren- 
theses and  incorporated  with  the  others. 

COMPLETE    KECOKD,    BY    STATES    AND    COUNTIES,    OF    15KOOD    VI. 

Delaware. — Newcastle. 

District  of  Columbia. — Several  localities. 

Georgia. — Dade,"  Elbert.  Floyd,  Habersham,"  Hall,"  Paulding.  Rabun,*  Spaldiug, 
White. 

Illinois. — Dewitt,*  Douglas,  Kuox,  McLean,  Montgomery.  Scott.  Shelby, ~  Vermilion. 

Indiana. — Boone,  Brown,  Carroll,  Grant,  Johnson,  Laporte,  Wells. 

Kentucky. — Letcher.  * 

Maryland. — Carroll,  Cecil,  Montgomery,  Prince  George,  Washington. 

Michigan. — Barry,  (Cass?),  Chippewa,  Genesee,  ~  Houghton, *  Kent  P  .  Macomb  (  ?  ), 
Newaygo  ( ? ),  Ogemaw  (?),  Otsego,*  Shiawassee,"  Washtenaw. 

Montana.* — Choteau,  Flathead,  Gallatin,  Missoula. 

New  Jersey. — Bergen,  Cumberland,  Essex,  Hudson,  Hunterdon.  Mercer,  Middlesex, 
Morris,  Passaic,  Somerset. 

New  York. — Greene,  New  York,  Richmond,  Schenectady,  (Westchester). 

North  Carolina. — Alexander,*  Bladen,  Burke,"  Buncombe,  Cabarrus,  Caldwell,* 
Catawba,*  Henderson,"  Iredell,  Lincoln,"  Macon, *  McDowell,"  Montgomery, 
Moore,  Pender^  Polk,"  Randolph  (?),  Rutherford.  Swain,*  Transylvania." 
F/nion,"  Wilkes,"  Washington  (?). 

Ohio.  —  (Ashtabula),  Carroll,  Champaign,  Columbiana,  Delaware.  Madison,  Mahon- 
ing, Montgomery,  Morrow,  Pickaway,  Shelby,  (Summit?),  Union,  (Vinton  f). 

Pennsylvania. — Bucks,  (Dauphin),  (Lancaster),  Montgomery,  (Northampton  and 
adjoining  counties).  (Philadelphia,  Germantown),  Westmoreland. 

South  Carolina. — Oconee." 

Tennessee. — Bradley,  Greene,  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  Knox,  Meigs,  Polk,  Sullivan. 

'No  authenticated  repo.ts  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Periodical  Cicada  in  Montana 
have  hitherto  been  obtained.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Mr.  E.  V.  Wilcox,  under 
date  of  July  14,  1898,  reports  that  this  insect  was  noticed  in  small  numbers  in  the 
counties  mentioned  from  June  15  to  July  10,  and  that  iu  Missoula  County  some 
damage  was  done  to  young  apple  trees. 


68 

Charlotte,  Chesterfield,  Fairfax,  Powhatan,  Prli  tli  • 

Berkeley,  Hampso  on  Mineral,   Ohio,  Wheeling f    Pr< 

w  ebetei 
Wisconsin      Burnett,     Columbia,  <  rawford,   D  ond  'i"   I   i 

Crosse      Marquette,     v  Bawyer,  Washburn,  Waushara 

COMPLKTI     i.i  I  <  'i:i>.    v.\     STATES  AND  COUNTIES,   Ol     BROOD  XXIII. 

■Arkansas,*   Ashley,  Calhoun,  Carroll,  Chicot,*  < 
head,'   Crawford,  Crittenden,     Croee,     Deeha       Franklin  .   Fulton,  Garland,' 
Hot  8pring,     Howard,    i  ickaon  ,  Jefferson,    Lafa  Linooln, 

Logan,  Lonoke,'   Marion,   Mississippi.*  Monroe,    Newton,  Phillip 
sett,'    Prairie,'    Pulaski,   Randolph,  St.  Francis, 
8harp,  Union,  Van  Buren,    Washington,  Woodruff. 

Georgia.     (Cobb,  Coweta,  Dekalb,  Gwinnett,  Meriwether,  Newton, 

Illinois.— Alexander,*  Crawford,     Bdgar,    Kdwards,     Gallatin,    Hardin,*   Joel 
Jasper,*  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Lawrence,     Macoupin,  Madison,  Marion,  l'<  rry,    Pike, 
Pulaski,*   Randolph,   Richland,   Scott,  St.  Clair,  Union,     Wabash,      Washington, 
\\  a\  in-. '  Williamson. 

Indiana.  — Bartholomew,  Daviess,  Fayette,  Floyd,  Gibson,  JaokBon,  Jennings, 
Knox,"  Montgomery,  Owen,  Posey,  Putnam,  Ripley,  Spencer,  Sullivan,  Van- 
derbui  g,    \  igo,    Warrick. 

Kentucky. — Ballard,  *  (Barren t),  Butler,  Caldwell,  Calloway,  Carlisle,  Christian, 
Clinton,  <  !rittenden,  Daviess,  Fulton/  Grant,  Graves, '  Green,  I  Ian  cock,  Hardin, 
Hickman,'  Hopkins,  Livingston,  Lyon,  McCraoken,  Marshall.  McLean, Muhlen- 
berg, Ohio,  Trigg,*  Union,  Webster,  Wolfe.1 

Louisiana.  —  Bienville,"  (Bossier),  Caldwell,*  Claiborne,  Concordia,*  East  Carroll,* 
Bast    Feliciana,  Franklin,'    Madison,*    Morehouse,  Ouachita,     Pointe  Coupee.,* 
Red  River),  Richland,  "St.  Helena,  Tallulah,  Tangipahoa,  Tensas.    Vermilioni  I  , 
w  ashington  >,  West  Carroll. 

Mississippi. — Adams.  Alcorn,*  Amite,*  Aitala."  Benton,  Bolivar,*  Calhoun,*  '"null,' 
Claiborne,  Coahoma,*'  Copiah,'  De  Soto,*  Franklin,  Grenada,*  Hind*.  Holmes," 
[ssaqnena),  Itawamba,  (Jasper),  Jefferson,  Lafayette,  Lawrence,  Leake,  Lee,* 
Leflore,*  Lincoln/  Lowndes,  Madison,*  Marion.  Marshall,*  Montgomery,*  Ne- 
shoba. Newton,  Oktibbeha,*  Panola,*  Pike,*  Pontotoc,'  Prentiss,*  Quitman,* 
Rankin,*  (Scott),  Simpson,  Smith,  Tallahatchie.  Tate,*  Tippah,  (Tishomingo), 
Tunica,"  Union,*  Warren,'  Washington,*   Webster,*  Yalobusha,*  Yazoo.* 

Missouri. — Audrain,*  Barry,*  Benton,  Iloone,  Callaway,  Camden,  Cope  Girardeau,* 
Cedar,  Christian,  Clark  (f),  Clinton,  Cole.  Cooper,  Dade,  Dallas,  Dent,  Douglas, 
onade,  Greene,  Hickory,  Howell,  Iron.  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Knox,  I  Lawrence  . 
Linn.  Maries,'  Miller.  Morgan,  New  Madrid,*  Osage,  Ozark,  Pemiscot,*  Perry, 
Pettis,  Phelps,  Polk,  Pulaski,  Reynolds  ,  [),  Scott,*  St.  Charles,*  St.  Clair.  St. 
Francois,  St.  Louis,  Taney,  Texas,   Warren,  Washington,     Webster. 

Tennessee.  —  Benton,*    Carroll,      ('Iks',,,      Crockett,   (Davidson),    Decatur,*   l>i, 

Dyer,*  Fayette,*  Gibson,*  Hardeman,  Hardin,*  Haywood,  Henderson,*  Henry,* 
Humphreys,'  Lake,*  Lauderdale,*  Lewis.  Madison,*  McNairy,*  Maury),  Mont- 
gomery, Obion,  Perry,*  (Robertson),  Rutherford,  Shelby,*  Stewart,  Tipton,' 
Wayne,*  Weakley,*  Williamson. 


1  None  of  these  localities,  all  of  which  were  queried,  were  confirmed  in   1898,  and 
the  record  of  this  brood  in  Georgia  is  undoubtedly  erroneous. 


64 

LIST   OF   PERSONS   REPORTING   THE   PERIODICAL  CICADA,   1898,  WITH 
BRIEF   INDICATION   OF    THE   NATURE    OF    THE    RECORD. 

The  exact  records  obtained  by  this  Division  relative  to  the  occur- 
rence of  Broods  VI  and  XXIII  in  the  early  summer  of  1898  are  given 
below,  arranged  under  each  brood  by  States  and  counties.  Upwards  of 
2.000  additional  reports  were  received  of  a  negative  character  from  the 
States  listed  below  and  others,  and  of  these  no  record  need  be  made: 
these  reports,  however,  are  of  considerable  value  as  showing  the  reg- 
ions in  the  States  listed  and  adjoining  States  in  which  presumably  the 
Cicada  did  not  occur. 

RECORDS   FOR    BROOD  XXIII. 

Arkansas : 

Arkansas. — J.  C.  Wilcox,  Stuttgart;  June  8;  plenty:  no  damage  thus  far.  C.  P. 
Hiumau,  Arkansas  Post;  appeared  "between  middle  and  last  of  May.  S.  D. 
Jester,  Wiggs;  June  11;  appeared  near  Gillett. 

Ashley. — Dr.  Ben.  H.  Brodnax,  Brodnax,  La. ;  extending  south  from  Matoka, 
Ashley  County,  into  Morehouse  Parish,  La.,  to  Mer  Rouge. 

Calhoun. — H.  L.  Lyon.  Woodberry;  very  few:  appeared  last  of  April. 

Carroll. — J.  W.  Ash,  Carrollton;  June  11;  few  this  year. 

Chicot. — William  B.  Streett,  Lake  Village;  June  26;  no  general  appearance;  in 
spots  quite  numerous;  no  special  damage  to  vegetation.  W.  R.  Wallace.  Car- 
mel;  June ;  have  come;  also  in  West  Carroll  County.  La.  W.  H.  Mathis.  Grand 
Lake;  June  17;  appeared  May  1,  remained  thirty  days:  no  damage.  C.  F. 
Wells,  Dermott;  June  9:  numerous,  but  mostly  in  patches. 

Clark. — L.  L.  Mock.  Smithton  :  June  13;  not  so  numerous  as  in  1881,  though  more 
than  in  1888. 

Columbia. — F.  M.  strange,  Buckner;  June  13;  few:  no  damage. 

Craighead. — J.  C.  Broudaway.  sr. .  Jonesboro:  June  14;  very  few;  we  look  for 
them  next  year.  G.  F.  Gibson,  Gilkeson  ;  June  13;  few.  hardly  worth  noticing. 
J.  S.  De  Jarnette,  Mammoth  Spring;  August  16;  numerous  in  this  and  other 
counties  along  the  Mississippi  River. 

Crawford. — L.  B.  Byars,  Alma ;  June  9 ;  few. 

Crittenden. — W.  F.  Madding:  appeared  here  bet  ween  1st  and  15th  of  May.  increas- 
ing in  numbers  until  about  June  1;  now  decreasing.  J.  S.  De  Jarnette.  Mam- 
moth Spring;  August  16;  numerous. 

Cross. — J.  Q.  Thomas.  Vanndale;  appeared  m  great  numbers  about  May  10.  Carl 
Beard,  Vanndale;  June  18;  large  numbers:  very  little  damage.  J.  W.  Halk, 
Cherry  Valley;  June  10;  present  throughout  the  county.  W.  P.  Brown, 
Wynne;  June  10;  present,  but  no  damage  noticed. 

Desha.—  W.  H.  Goutt,  Rotau:  June  10;  few.  G.  Waterman,  Dumas:  June  8;  full 
force;  came  out  of  ground, 

Fulton. — J.  S.  De  Jarnette.  Mammoth  Spring;  August  16;  few. 

Garland. — S.  D.  Jester,  Wiggs  ;  June  11 ;  reports  appearance  in  1893  m  this  section, 
and  says  "  Some  have  appeared  near  Gillett.-' 

Hot  Springs. — J.  D.  Prince.  Sanders:  June  13;  heard  a  few  but  none  seen.  D.  I. 
Hendrix.  Ops;  June  11;  no  regular  brood;  heard  three  or  four  only. 

Howard. — T.  G.  Kennedy,  Picayune;  very  few  in  May. 

Jefferson. — X.  T.  Roberts.  Pine  Bluff;  here  by  the  million  :  the  earth  in  the  timber 
perforated  by  them;  June  10.  A.  F.  MeNeill,  Redfield ;  here  in  superlative  de- 
gree :  Jane  8.     R.  D.  McGaughy.  Altheimer ;  May  10;  small  quantities. 

Lafayette.  —J.  J.  Stubbs,  Mot,  La. ;  reports  occurrence  20  miles  north  in  Lafayette 
County,  Ark;  June  14. 


\rU.m-  i-      I   "iitinihtl. 

i  . .      W,  I ».  Hopkln  rd  ;  Jane  IS;  large  quant  it 

Moses  Burke,]  ;  June  11;  an 3    amount;  here  1 ntl 

inur.     Q.  O.  Pruitt,  Sylaraville;  June   Ll;appeared   b< 

ill. -in.  Haynes ;  June  9  ;  Appeared  about  Maj  1  Lnabundi I    1  •  1 1 

Phillips ;  .1  une  10;  great  abundai 

Linooln.  —  K.  I  >.  Boyd,  Cornerville ;  Julj  12;  few  during  M 

Fred  \ .  <  oxter,  Hobart;  June  15 ;  heard  1  o,  but  1 1 . » \  e  Men  none 

.1.  \.  .1.11 1 .11 .1.  Morrison  Bluff* ;  June  1 1 ;  only  ■in  occasional  «»in- 1  ^  heard. 

Lonoke.     3.  W.Walls,  Cobbs;  June   15;  great  numbers  about   middle  0 
\\ .  1 1.  r>  burn,  Lonoke ;  Jun<  ent. 

Marion.  —  1  k  Wiokerahain,  Yellville;  Jnne  1 1 ;  small  numb* 

Mississippi,  k,  rillman,  Athelstan;  June  Is ;  large  numbers;  no  damage,  w  .  I ». 
Henley,  postmaster,  t  biokasawba;  June  10;  great  numbers. 

Monroe.— -T.C.  Dawson,  Roe;  June  L4;  appeared  about  May  l :  been  rery  numei 
ons;  no  damage;  all  gone  now.  T.  D.  Chunn,  Holly  grove;  appeared  about 
May  23 :  not  s<»  numerous. 

\«'\\  ton.     A.  r.  ( lasey,  Bozley  :  Jnne  1 1 ;  \  erj  few  ;  not  wort  b  attention. 

Phillips.— A.  M.  Scott,  Nbrthcreek;  June  !':  appeared.  D.C.Gordon,  Helena; 
Jnne  L0;  appeared  May  23;  bere  now. 

Pike.  — 1>.  L.  Bevis,  Murfreesboro ;  Jnne  15;  small  brood  appeared  about  M.i\  20. 

Poinsett.— W.  <■.  Godbey,  EJarrisburg;  .inn*'  8;  present, mostly  on  hill  lands; 
woodpeckers  pounce  on  them;  cicada  found  17  feet  under  ground  while  dig- 
gingwell;  fine  fish  bait.  Bradford  &  Erchison,  Weiner;  June  12;  none  here, 
but  said  to  be  thick  6  miles  cast  of  n>.  h\  L.  Cowan,  Harrisburg;  June 8; 
large  numbers. 

Prairie. — A. J.Bassett  &  Co.,  Ha/en;  June 8;  been  here  two  weeks,  c.  L.  Bow- 
man, Ha /en ;  .June  'J;  here  this  season,  but  Beems  smaller  than  in  1881  and  does 
not  make  such  a  loud  noise ;  don't  remember  any  thirteen  years  ago,  but  do  in 
1881.  K.  II.  Toll,  Devalls  Bluif;  June  10;  here  last  week  in  May  and  Brst  In 
.June. 

Pulaski. — W.  A.  Galloway,  Jacksonville;  June  10:   few. 

Randolph. — John  Antry,  postmaster,  Alberta  ;  June  1 1 ;  none  seen  ;  few  hulls  found. 

Saline. — C.  D.  Harris,  Hensley;  June:  here  in  great  numbers. 

Sebastian. — J.  C.  Galloway, Laraca;  June  15;  only  a  few  seen. 

Sharj). — W. F.  Stuart,  Center ;  June;  few. 

St.  Francis. — B.  W.  Payne,  Wheatley;  June  9;  great  numbers.  M.  X.  Gaines, 
Forrest  City;  Jnne  8;  great  numbers. 

Union. — B,  T.  labors,  New  London:  Jnne  r> :  only  a  few. 

Van  Buren.— J.  W.  Beavers,  Sang;  June  10;  very  scarce. 

Washington. — W.  P>.  Praker,  Westfork;  few;  dozen  to  the  square  mile. 

Woodruff. — John  Shearer,  McCnuy:   June  !);  abundant;   had   them  two  weeks. 
W.  B.  Battle,  Beebe;  June  8;  none  here  in  White  County:  plentiful  cast  in 
Woodruff  County.     W.  Movrman,  Hunter;  June  13;  appeared  last  month;  very 
numerous,  but  less  than  in  IS 
Illinois : 

Alexander. — Prof.  8.  A.  Forbes,  in  letters  of  June  23  and  July  2,  reports  great 
numbers.     8.  II.  fate,  Willard;  June 8;  appeared  about  May. 

Crawford. — M.  L.  Cay  wood,  Odlong;  June  8;  numerous  in  timbered  section. 

Edgar.— G.  W.  Legg,  Scottland;  June  18;  few  coverings  found;  no  live  ones. 

Edwards. — F.  Wick,  Albion:  June  18;  3  miles  cast  there  is  a  full  brood.  J.  B. 
Jolly,  Grayville;  June  20;  numerous;  knew  them  bere  sixty  years  or  so  ago. 

Gallatin. — M.  Doherty,  Shawneetown;  June  20;  few  in  timber. 

Hardin. — W.J.  Banks,  Karbers  Bidge;  June  8;  heard  a  few  since  May  10,  but 
none  since  storm. 

8193— No.  IS 5 


66 

Illinois — Continued. 

Jackson. — 6.  H.  French.  Carbondale:  July  11;  have  been  here  in  considerable 

numbers.     Edw.  Davis.  Elkville;  June  18;  plenty  this  season;  a  few  for  four 

years  past.     Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  reports  great  numbers. 
Jasper. — J.  Miehels,  Bogota;  June  13;  appeared  about  fifteen  days  ago. 
Jefferson. — O.  P.  Xesmith,  Bluford;  June  11 ;  very  limited  numbers  about  May  15. 
Johnson. — Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  reports  great  numbers. 
Lawrence. — D.  Horner.  Olney;  June  7;  timber  is  full. 
Macoupin. — G.  W.  Bohannan,  Chesterfield;  few;  not  so  many  as  in  1881  or  1894. 

(Forbes.)      Eecorded     in    Bloomington    Pantagraph,   June    21;    remarkable 

amount. 
Madison.  Marion. — Prof.    S.    A.   Forbes  reports   great  numbers.      Eecorded  in 

Bloomington  Pantagraph,  June  21. 
Perry. — J.  B.  Ervin.  Swanwick:  June  13;  appeared  May  21. 
Pike. — Eecorded  in  Bloomington  Pantagraph.  June  21.    Dr.  E.  H.  Main.  Barry: 

July  18:  heard  them  three  or  four  weeks  ago  in  west  side  of  county.    (Forbes.) 
Pulaski. — W.  E.Crain,  Villaridge:  June  8;  appeared  about  May  20  and  are  yet 

in  full  force,  doing  much  damage  to  young  orchards.     J.  W.  Gaunt.  Xew  Grand 

Chain;  great  numbers  from  latter  part  of  May  until  June  10.     J.  S.  Morris, 

Ullin;  great  numbers:  came  about  May  25.     Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  reports  great 

numbers.      M.   X.   McCartney,  superintendent    of    city   schools;    common   at 

Grand  Chain,  near  Johnson  County  line;  said  to  be  numerous  across  Ohio  in 

Kentucky.     (Forbes.) 
Eandolph. — Eecorded  in  Bloomington  Pantagraph,  June  21.     Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes 

reports  no  great  numbers. 
Eichland. — John  Camp.  Berry  ville :  June  18:  heard  one  or  two;  no  damage. 
Scott. — Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  reports  no  great  numbers. 
St.  Clair. — F.  Helms,  Belleville;  June  8;  heard  few  in  timber;  found  remains  of 

a  few  last  year.     William  Galle,  Marissa;  June  8;  not  such  numbers  as  four 

years   ago.     Otto  P.   Klopsch,  superintendent   schools,  Maseoutah :   heard  it 

early  in  June  ;  since  then  but  rarely ;  secured  no  specimens.     (Forbes.) 
Union. — J.  E.  Jarvis,  Cobden;  June  10:  small  numbers  middle  of  April:  large 

numbers  middle  May.     Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  reports  ''large  numbers."' 
Wabash. — A.  B.  Denhain.  Cowling;  June  9;  great  numbers;  remember  them  in 

1860, 1872  or  1873.  and  1885  or  1886. 
Washington. — \V.  L.  Kugler,  Okawville:  not  such  numbers  as  heretofore.     A.  A. 

Hinkley.  Dubois;  few:  only  seen  the  "casts:  "  very  scattering.     (Forbes.) 
Wayne. — C.  0.  Truscotr.  Cisne:  June  6:  good  many  in  timber  lands. 
Williamson. — Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  reports  •■  great  numbers." 
Indiana : 

Bartholomew. — Amos  W.   Butler^  Indianapolis:    July  27;   heard  at  Columbus 

July  24. 
Daviess. — W.  M.  A.  Kirby.  Bloomington;  June  12;  none  here;  but  read  that  they 

are  plentiful  in  Daviess  County. 
Fayette. — Jonas  Scholl.  Lyons  Station:  June  11;  few  stragglers. 
Floyd. — G.  E.  Smith.  Floyd  Knobs:  June  6:  one  here  and  there. 
Gibson. — Anton  Zeitz,  Haubstadt:  June  7;  great  numbers.     J.  B.  Jolly,  Gray- 

ville,  111. :  June  9:  numerous.     Ed.  E.  Wahnsiedler.  Oakland  City ;  June;  very 

numerous;  considerable  damage.     John  W.  Johnson,  Princeton:  great  num 

hers  about  May  25.     C.  F.  Garrison,  Fort  Branch;  June  8;  vast  numbers  in 

forests;  ground  perforated  with  holes. 
Jackson. — O.  M.  Foster.  Seymour:  June  17:  few;  not  so  abundant  as  in  1885. 
Jennings. — H.  E.  Weeks.  North  Vernon:  June  8;  moderate  numbers. 
Knox. — James  W.  Emison.  Vincennes:  June  6:  woods  are  full.     E.  M.  Eobinson, 

Wheatland:  June  9;  not  very  numerous.     J.  B.  Jolly,  Gray  ville.  111. ;  June  9; 

numerous,     Amos  W.  Butler.  Indianapolis:  heard  several  at  Vincennes  July  8. 


67 

Iinli.iii.t-  ( '<nit  intittl. 

Montgomery      mi  s;  Ji LI;  hen  1 1 

i'.w  this  spring,    J.  8.  Fullerwider,  Brown  bout  June! 

( »w en.    .'   w  .  1  [art,  Qninoj  ;  Jun<  Ten  ■ 

Posey.     F.  B.  Elliott   N- m  Harmony;  May24;ap  tl  to  ho 

\ erj  numerous.    .' .  troop,  i 

oesr  New  Harmony  ;  Jb  "i»  Kicker,  w  ul<     i  l< 

enonnons  numbers.     William  J.  Cox,  Mount  Ven ;  Jnn< 

two-thirds  of  oounty,  northern  part,  Infested.    J.  P.  Jolly,  Graysvillo,  [11.; 

numerous. 
Putnam.    J.  W.  Robe,  Greenoastle ;  June  9;  rerj  few. 
Ripley.    John  Bennett,  Sunman ;  June  6;  B 
Bpenoer,    James  Romine,  Gentry  ville ;  June  7;  verj  few. 
Sullivan.    George  Good ^  in,  Sullivan;  June 6;  abundant.    I  >.  E.  Everhai 

J  nne  1 1 ;  numerous. 
Vanderburg.-   W.  Knerr,  Armstrong;  June  7;  large  quantity ;  "orchids" 

bag.    John  Pridy,  Zipp;  .June  8;  appeared.     Amos  w.  Butler,  Indianapolis; 

July  27;  heard  a  few  s1  Evansville  Julj  22. 
\  Igo. — William  Lowe,  jr., Terre  Haute;  June  11;  heard  of  them. 
W'anick. — Jacob   Mattel.  Chandler;   June  8;   Large  numbers.     W.  B.  Sanders, 

Newburg  ;  .June  !':  few. 

Kentucky  : 

Ballard. — J.  E.  Jones,  <  'sen- ;  June  9 :  plenty.  W.  W.  <  twen,  1  [inkleville ;  June  7 ; 
abundant.  A.  M.  Shelby,  Bandana;  .July  l':>:  pretty  general,  no  damage. 
(Garman.)  .1.  G.  Clark.  Lovelaceville ;  July  28;  were  here  by  the  thousands; 
Btayed  bnl  a  short  time.  (Garman.)  .1.  B.  Payne,  M.  D.,Ogden;  plentiful  in 
rivei  bottoms,  etc.;  same  variety  as  in  L890  or  1891;  young  fruit  trees  dam- 
aged.   (Garman.) 

Butler.— A.  A.  Chaddock,  Berry's  kick;  June  13;  very  tew.  A.  Thatcher,  Mor- 
gantown;  July 22;  heard  of  some.  (Garman.)  .1.  \l.  Kllis,  Woodbury;  July 
IS;  have  seen  some.      Garman.) 

Caldwell. — .1.  II.  Neel,  Kelsey;  June?;  small  numbers;  also  in  Crittenden  and 
Lyon  counties.     A.  1!.  Coleman.  Princeton-  .July  hi;  very  few.     (Garman.) 

Calloway. — Sam.  B.Watson,  Backusburg;  August  3;  appeared  in  great  numbers 
May  1;  disappeared  by  third  week  in. June.  (Garman.)  A.  K.  Crawford,  Flint; 
August  7:  very  few  in  this  part,  hut  great  many  in  southwest  part  of  county. 
(Garman.) 

Carlisle. — O.  A.  Glass,  Arlington;  dune  12;  immense  numbers.  W.  Z.T.  Smith, 
Bardwell ;  dune  7:  appeared  about  May  15;  very  numerous.  Robert  L.  took, 
Arlington;  July  18;  great  quantity.  (Garman.)  0.  A.  Glass,  Arlington ;  July 
17;  were  very  numerous.  (Garman.)  T-E.  Hall,  Milburn;  July  17:  very  plen- 
tiful six  weeks  ago.     (Garman.)     B.  11.  Smither,  Grahamville;  good  many; 

understand  they  were  very  numerous   in  Carlisle  County.      (Carman. 

Christian. — J.  T.  Ford,  Crofton;  June 21;  few.     P.B.Hancock,  Casky;  June6; 

\  ery  few.     (Garman.) 
Clinton.  —  L,  1'.  Duvall,  Savage;  dune  14;  heard  one  <>r  two  in  the  timber  on 

mountains;  some  apple  twigs  killed. 
Crittenden. — J. H. Neel,  Kelsey;  dune  7;  small  numbers.     J.  N.  Boston,  Levias; 

duly  21 ;   heard  a  t'.-u  .       I  .arman.  | 
Daviess. — s.  H.  Jesse,  Ensor;  dune  21 :  very  few.    D.  W.  Howard.  Utics  :  dune  15; 

few;  no  damage.     C.H.Haynes,   Ensor;  duly  17:  a  few.     (Garman.) 
Fulton. — daims   II.   Saunders,    Hickman;   dune   11:    present   also  thirteen   and 

twenty-six  years  ago.    D.  W.  Dickinson,  Hickman  :  millions;  immense  damage 

to  young  trees.     (Garman.) 
Grant. — J.  T.  Points,  Sherman  :  June  6;  very  tew. 


68 

Ken  fcucky — Continued. 

Graves. — Moses  Connor,  Mayfield ;  large  numbers ;  June  10.    J.  P.  Morrill,  Lowes ; 

June  9;  plentiful.     T.  J.  Cross,  Pritchard;  July  20;  no  damage;  considerable 

noise.     (Garman.)     N.  S.Allison,  P.  M.,  Pry  orsburg;  July  16;  plenty;  counted 

16  boles  in  a  foot  square  of  ground.     (Garman.) 
Green. — R.  I.  Taylor,  Thurlow  ;  June  7 ;  few. 
Hancock. — Jobn  Friel,  Victoria;   July  1;   very  few;   very  abundant  thirteen 

years  ago.     C.  E.  Friel,  Patesville;  "beard  them  singing;"  June  15. 
Hardin. — G.  K.  Tichenor,  Sonora;  June  11;  extremely  limited;  mere  usual  yearly 

quantity. 
Hickman. — James  W.  Blair,  Moscow;  June  23;  appeared  about  May  1,     J.  M. 

Samuels,  Clinton;  June  13;  not  very  many.     (Garman.) 
Hopkins. — W.  D.  Crow,  Madisonville;  June  10;  beard  a  few.    Robt.  Almon,  Nor- 

tonsville;  August  8;  few;  same  as  last  year  (annual  ?).     (Garman.) 
Livingston. — J.  R.  Summers,  Salem;  June  10;  few;  here  in  1894  in  full  force. 

T.  H.  Robertson,  Lola;  July  17;  few.     (Garman.) 
Lyon. — J.  H.  Neel,  Kelsey;  June  7;  small  numbers.     Essex  Spurrier,  Star  Lime- 
works;  not  more  than  every  year  (annual  ?).     (Garman.) 
Marshall. — J.  B.  Wyatt,  Briensburg;    July  1;    considerable  numbers  in  May. 

(Garman.)     W.  E.  Downing,  Sharpe;  July  26;  a  few.     (Garman.) 
McCracken. — W.  N.  Bryan,  Lamont;  July  16;  few.     (Garman.)     B.  H.  Smither, 

Graham ville ;  good  many.     (Garman.) 
McLean. — R.  N.  Brown,  Congleton;  few.     (Garman.) 
Muhlenberg.— Henry  Tinsley,  Central  City;  June  25;  very  few.     J.  M.  Silvey, 

Dnnmor;  June  11;  very  few. 
Ohio. — P.  L.  Wood,  Ceralvo;  June  13;  few.     P.  L.  Wood,  Ceralvo;  July  19;  not 

numerous.      (Garman.)      D.    B.    Loudon,    Rosine;    July   16;    inconsiderable. 

(Garman.) 
Trigg. — G.  T.  Wallace,   Canton;  June  8;  appeared  lirst  week  in  May.     H.  C. 

Vincent.  Cadiz;  July  18;  very  few.     (Garman.) 
Union. — Geo.  H.  Drury,  St.  Vincent;  July  19;  very  few.     (Garman.) 
Webster. — T.  A.  Stewart,  Sebree;  July  18;  small  number ;  nothing  to  compare 

with  live  years  ago  (Brood  I  ?).     (Garman.)     Thos.  A.  Vaughn,  Golds;  very 

few.     (Garman.) 
Wolfe. — J.  L.  Center,  Campton;  "does  appear  this  season;"  June  7. 
Louisiana: 

Bienville. — C.  E.  Whitley,  Liberty ;  "they  have;"  June  7. 

Caldwell. — J.  S.  Chick,  Columbia;  June  12;  great  numbers.     J.  A.  Humphries, 

Kell}-;  June  21;  appeared.     Hattie  Hough,  postmaster,  Columbia;   appeared 

about  May  15 ;  great  many. 
Claiborne. — J.  W.  McFarland,  Homer;  June  10;  few.     M.  E.  Price,  postmaster, 

Homer;  June  3;  very  few;  no  damage. 
Concordia. — B.  J.  Wade,  Frogmore;  appeared  about  May  17. 
East  Carroll.— James  Beard,  Lake  Providence;  June  10;  "millions;  no  damage." 

C.  A.  Voelker,  Panola;  June  9;  numerous  in  East  Carroll  and  West  Carroll 

parishes,  and  more  abundant  in  Madison  and  Tensas  parishes.    Edw.  Constant, 

Atherton;  June  8;  "greater  numbers  than  I  have  ever  seen  before."     N.  H. 

Benjamin,  Atherton;  June  7;  large  numbers  in  and  adjoining  the  forests. 
East  Feliciana. — Joseph  A.  Stott,  Olive  Branch;  July  1;  heard  two,  seen  none. 
Franklin. — A.  McD.  Baskin,  Baskinton;  present.     G.  W.  Hodge,  Crowville;  June 

11 ;  abundant.     J.  B.  Garcin,  Liddieville;  vast  numbers  in  May  and  early  part 

of  June. 
Madison. — J.  T.  W.  Clellan,  Tallulah  ;  June  10;  great  numbers,  kept  to  the  forests. 

J.  M.  Herbert,  postmaster,  Tallulah  :  May  27;  large  numbers  in  forests.     C.  A. 

Voelker,  Panola;  very  abundant. 


I  ouialana    ( lont  Inned 

Morehouse      W,  \   t  olli  ae  16;  limited  numbera  in  M 

days.    J.  M.  Stamper,  Bon ita;  Ju  e«l  altout  April  15.     Dr.  Ik 

Brodnax,  Brodnax;   M  tending  wom!  into  \  Itlej  I 

Ouachita.     H.  W.  M.  Elnery,  Monroe     I    i 

Boa<  o;   Maj  .' ." ;  gi  eat  numb< 
Points  <  * » x  i  Lndren  i,  Fordo<  be :  Jui 

Richland.     R.  II    Brown,  Goshen ;  large  numbers ;  Jane  6      \    B  (  ooper,  trcbl- 

i.aNI;  June 8;  appeared  M.n   17,  disappeared  Jum  - 
si.  Helena.     H    I  ,  Newsoni,  Huns;  June  18;  verj  few. 
Tallnlah.      \.  E.  Adams,  Tall nlah ;  June  9;  appeared  in  timber  lands;  no  special 

dam  i 
Tangipahoa      R.  B.Miller,  Ponchatoula;  June  9;  have  had  few  genuine  locusts 

f\  ei  j  \  ear ;  no  damage, 
rensaa.     B.  F,  Bonpey,  St.  Joseph ;  large  numbers  in  variona  places.     Robert  J. 

Stewart,  St.  Joseph ;  June  25;  numerous  in  forests;  no  damage  to  crops.     <     \. 

Voelker,  Panola ;  numerous. 
Vermilion.  —  W.  W.  Edwards,  Abbeville;  July  6;  fevi  this  year;  do  not  think  they 

are  the  17-year  race. 
West  Carroll.     S.  T.  Jackson,   Forest;   appeared  April  10,  ceased  their  "hum- 
drum" Juno  !(>.     \\  .  R.  Wallace,  Carmel,  Ark.;  reported  in  hia  card. 

Voelker,  Panola ;  nnmeroua, 
Mississippi : 

Adams.  — D.  (i.  Ashley.  Ashley.  Copiah  County  ;   June  23;    vast   UUmberB. 

Alcorn.— J.  M.  Walker,  Kossuth;  June  7;  great  numbers.  J.  N.  Bynum,  Rienzi; 
June  20;  large  numbers;  now  disappeared. 

Amite. — F.  W.  Stratton,  Liberty  ;  June  8;  appeared  aboul  May   1;  now   gone. 

c.  H.  Bates,  Bates  Mill ;  June  9;  great  quantities  laat  of  April ;  Btillhere.     1>. 

<;.  Ashley,  Ashley,  Copiah  County;  June  i':'>;  vast  numbers. 
Attala. — D.  J.  Ellington,  Sallis;  present. 

Benton.— -C.  F.  Blakeslee,  Hickory  Flat;  .Inner);  appeared  about  May 20. 
Bolivar. — Y.  E.  Howell,  Rosedale;  June  6;  very  numerous  in  some  localities. 
Calhoun. — C.  G.  IJentley.  Ilently;  June  ll';   millions.     G.  L.  Fox,  St;ite  Spring; 

June  15;  very  numerous.     Sam  Cooke,  Walthall;  abundant. 
Carroll. — S. C.  Bains,  Vaiden ;  June  6;  appeared  about  May  10;  all  gone  June  I; 

(|iiite  numerous  hut  no  damage.     W.  A.  Reid,  Money ;  June  11:  present;  also 

in  Holmes  and  Leflore  counties. 
Claiborne. — .lames  B.Allen, Port  Gibson;   June  7;  not  so  man\  as  last  year. 

l>.(i.  Ashley.  Ashley.  Copiah  ( 'ounty  :    vast   numbi 

Coahoma. — M. B. Collins, Jonestown ;  dune  8;  appeared  about  May  12  in  great 
abundance.    J.  W.  Stovall,  Stovall;  Jnly6;   iu  force  about  May. 

Copiah. — R.  E.  Ainswortb, Hazlehurst;  dune  10;  large  numbers  about  Ma\  l. 
J.  C.  Smylie,  Wesson ;  June  6;  deafening  noise  in  woods.    D>.  G.  Ashley,  Ashley  j 

May  id  and  I'd:  great  numbers. 
De    Soto. — Jobe    Ilarral.   Kudora :  dune    7;   been    here    two    weeks;  no  damage. 

.1.  D.  Baker.  Olive   Branch.;  dune  6;   quite  numerous  in   forests;  no  damage 

apparently.    T.C.  Dockery,  Love  station;  great  numbers  May  15. 
Franklin.— D.  G.  Ashley.  Ashley ;  dune  I'd:  vast  numbers.     Geo.  II.  Kant.Mead- 

ville;  dune  10;  letter. 
Grenada. — O.  L.  Kinbrough,  Grenada ;  plentiful  about  May  15. 
Hinds.—  W.  A.  Cook.  Utica;  dune  7;    here  this  year;    last   year  l'  mil. 

J.  A.  Newman,  Newman  ;  small  numbers  about  middle  of  April,    G.  D.Casaity, 

Terry;  June  1*;  appeared   about   May   1.     Walter  Virden,  Cynthia;  May  l'l'; 

more  numerous  than  ever  known:  also   in    Madison    County.     D.G.Ashley; 

vast  numbers. 


70 

Mississippi — Continued. 

Holmes. — F.  A.  Howell,  Bowling  Green;  June  7;    large  numbers;  almost  gone 

now.     W.  Bridgforth,  Pickens;  June  10;  very  numerous;   now  gone.     W.  A. 

Reid,  Money,  Carroll  County;  present. 
Itawamba. — J.  H.  M.  Harrison,  Tilden  ;  June  15;  not  so  numerous  as  formerly. 
Jefferson. — D.  G.  Ashley,  Ashley;  June  23;  vast  numbers. 

Lafayette. — J.  F.  Brown,  Oxford;  June  7;  present.     G.  H    Turner,  Burgess;  su- 
perabundance. 
Lawrence. — D.  A.  Dawson,  Saulsbury  ;  June  11;  small  numbers.      D.G.Ashley; 

vast  numbers. 
Leake. — J.  R.  Lowry,  Hopoca;  June  15;  few  in  May;  great  many  in  1881  and 

1894. 
Lee. — J.  W.  Burness,  Baldwin ;  June  14;  here  for  a  month;  in  Union  County 

four  years  ago. 
Leflore. — W".  A.  Reid,  Money  ;  present. 
Lincoln. — G.  R.  Robertson,  Fair  River;  June  6;  present.     D.  G  Ashley,  Ashley ; 

vast  numbers.     G.  H.  Kant,  Mead ville;  June  10;  letter. 
Lowndes. — J.  B.  Brooks,  Crawford ;  May   1;  limited  number;  large  numbers  in 

1894. 
Madison. — W.  B.  Stinson,  Canton  ;  June  11;  numbers.     Walter  Yirden,  Cynthia, 

Hinds  County;  more  numerous  than  ever  known. 
Marion. — J.  M.  Foxworth,  Pickwick;  June  18;  reported. 
Marshall. — Geo.  J.  Finley,  Holly  Springs;  June  8;  very  numerous. 
Montgomery. — J.  E.  Flowers,  Kilmichael ;  June  13;  great  numbers.     J.A.Lane, 

Huntsville;    June  20;    very  numerous.     J.  B.  Simpson,  Poplar  Creek;  great 

numbers  in  May. 
Neshoba. — D.  H.  Thaggard,  Philadelphia;  very  few;  very  numerous  in  1881. 
Newton — Eugene  Carleton,  Decatur;  June;  not  numerous. 
Oktibbeha. — O.  B.  Cooke,  M.  D.,  Mabeu;  June  6;  large  numbers  now. 
Panola. — T.  J.  Hunter,  Sardis;  June  9;  singing   for  two   weeks;  no   damage. 

R.  T.  Hunter,  Sardis;  appeared  May  15;  disappeared  June  6.     G.  W.  Dyer,  jr., 

Batcsville;  here   1st  of  April;  first   I   remember.     M.  T.  Wright,  Batesville, 

June  13;  here  April  10  to  June  7.     J.  F.  Williamson,  Pleasant  Grove;  June  6; 

great  numbers. 
Pike. — Mrs.  L.  H.  Palmer,  McComb;  June  6;  great  numbers;  letter  of  details. 
Pontotoc. — J.  D.  Phifen,  Ecru  ;  June  8;  very  numerous. 
Prentiss. — L.  M.  Burge,  Wheeler;  June  10;  appeared  last  of  April.     B.  A.  P.  Sel- 

man,  Booneville;  June  7;  some  think  them  not  as  numerous  as  former  years. 
Quitman. — J.  A.  Cooper,  Belen;  June  7;  very  numerous;   clipping  from  u  The 

Quitman  Quill,"  woods  alive;  June  3. 
Rankin. — W.  E.  Johnson.  Chapman;  June  20;  great  numbers  in  forests  during 

May.     J.  M.  Palmer,  Lynwood;  immense  quantities  in  some  places,  in  May. 
Simpson. — W.  G.  Ashley,  Ashley;  June  23;  vast  numbers. 
Smith. — W.  G.  Ashley,  Ashley;  June  23;  vast  numbers. 
Tallahatchie. — J.  P.  Arnold,  Rosebloom;  June  17;  present;  no  damage. 
Tate. — William  Scott,  Senatobia;  June  13;   large  numbers  m  timber  in  May. 

W.  R.  Eason,  Arkabutla;  June  8;  good  supply. 
Tippah. — W.  G.  Rutledge.  Ripley ;  June  8;  here  now;  no  damage.    M.  T.  Gardner, 

Blue  Mountain;  appeared  about  May  20. 
Tunica. — Thomas  Byrn,  Wanamaker ;  June  8;  large  numbers.     R.  C.  Kyle,  O.  K. ; 

has  been  very  numerous. 
Union. — R.  J.  Alexander,  Etta;  woods  alive  with  them  iu  May.     F.  W.  Collins, 

Wallerville;  June  17;  appeared  May  1;  disappeared  to-day.     James  H.  Hevey, 

Ingomar;  August  22;  vast  numbers;  remained  forty-five  days. 
Warren. — John  D.  Watts,  Redwood;  June  7;  appeared  in  the  eastern  part  of 

county.     I.  V.  Welch,  Redwood ;  June  8;  yes. 


71 

lippl     Continued. 
Washington.     w  .  \\   Stone,  Greenville;  Jm 

i  \  ille  ;  June  12  :  pi  eeeui      I'M  ler,  1  lollai 

nnmeroue  dui 
Webet  toe!  Cooke,  Walthall;  M  i  >nndanoc  ben  end  In  I  el 

boon  »  omit  v. 
Yalobusha     .1   P.  Proving,  Coffee ville;  Jnne  5;  large  numbers  in  April  end  May. 

J.N. Del  lie;  Jnne  1 1 ;  present.    T.  w 

appeared  in  April ;  feti  still. 

0.     R  \    Powers,  Palmetto  Home;  Jnnc  9;  large  nun 
All  of  Stats  fr<>m  south  line  i<>  Washington  Count  plentiful  bj 

Voelker,  Panola,  La.,  June  9.      v  r.      tnii  ii  abonl  135  miles  alonf 

bank  of  Mississippi  1 C 1  % 
Missouri : 

Audrain— .1.  P.  Llewellyn,  Mexico,  M<>. :  Jnne 28;  found  none, but  sends  1  lipp 

reporting  plenty  in  woods.     Rush  Hill  (Stedman 
Barry. — Petei  MoNally, 4  .i>s\  ill,- ;  Jnne  l":  present. 
Benton. — James  Batcher, Zora;  few  about  Maj  r>. 
Boone.  —Columbia  (Stedman). 

Callaway.— L.  D.  Thompeon,  New  Bloomfield;  Jnne  22;  n 
I   unden.—  .1 .  \l.  Moes,  Purvis;    heard  one.    Mary  J.  B  icb;  Jun< 

\  si  \  few. 

pe  Girardeau. —  J.  J.  Sawyer,  Fruitland;  Jnne  10;  appeared  May   L;  dii 

peered  Jnne  10.    L.M.  Bean,  Gordon ville;  June  9;  numerous.    Cape  Girardeau 
Stedman  | 
Cedar.— W.T.Bay  less,  Stockton;  Jnne  IS;  few. 
Christian.— Sparta  |  stedman'. 
Clarh.— James  Boley,  Ashton  j  June  15;  very  few. 
Clinton. — W.  EL  Walk  up,  Go  wer;  June  26;  few. 
Cole.— A. .).  1  »;i\  is.  Jefferson  City  ;  June  14  ;  few. 

■■•per. —  A.  I.  Ziegle,  New  Palestine :  June:  few.    A.  < ..  1 .  Thomas,  New  Lebanon  ; 

Jnne ;  have  seen  two  <>r  tin 
1  >ade.  -'  Ireenfield  Stedman). 
Dallas.— Spi  Ing  Grove    Stedman;. 

Dent.— William  Barksdale, Gladden;  not  very  numerous. 
Douglas.— John  Souder,  Denlow ;  June  15;  none,  only  two  or  three.    Cold  Spring 

edman  . 
Gasconade.— Charles  P.  Pope,  Bland;    June   13;    not   in   great   number.     E.  J. 

Alberswerth,  Stony  Hill;  .June  10;  very  Bcaroe.     Bay  (Stedman). 

sene. — H. D.  Fnlbright,  Willard;  Jnne  16;  few.     Nichols  (Stedman  . 
Hickory. — Elkton    Stedman). 
How.  11. —West  Plains  (Stedman  . 
Iron.— T.  P.  Russell.  Ironton  ;  .June  11;  very  few. 
Jefferson.  —  De  Soto    Stedman  >. 
Johnson. — Holden  |  stedman  . 
Knox.— Novelty    Stedman). 

Linn. — C.  G.  Bigger,  Maritime:  Jnne  11:  one  now  and  again. 
Maries.— G.  P.  Skaggs,  Van  Clere;  .June  Hi:  present. 
Miller. — H.C.Jackson,  Ulman;  Jnne  12;  limited  nun. 
Morgan. — C.  N.  Mitchell,  Gladstone ;  Jnne  10;  Bmallnumb 

New  Madrid.  —  R.  8.  Mott,  Point   Pleasant;  appeared  about   May  1.     W.  II.  Mai- 
shall.  Morehouse  ;  .June  9:  not   in  this  immediate  vicinity,  but  near.      Ristine 
Stedman  1. 
Osage. — W.  F.  McDaniel.  Linn ;  June  11;  plenty.     Chamois  1  Stedman  . 
Ozark.  — L.  E.  Brown,  Igo;  June  11;  lew. 


72 

Missouri — Continued. 

Pemiscot. — J.  M.  Bullard,  Cooter;  June  11;  large  numbers. 

Pettis. — Greeu  Ridge  (Stedman). 

Perry. — A.  H.  Cashion,  Derryville ;  June  11 ;  present.     Clary ville  (Stedman). 

Phelps. — J.  M.  Fleming,  St.  James ;  June  18;  few ;  numerous  in  1892. 

Polk. — Aldrich  (Stedman). 

Pulaski.— J.  K.  Giddens,  Big  Piney ;  June  11 ;  few.  T.  T.  O'Halloran,  Richland ; 
June  28;  few.     W.  H.  Goodman,  Hancock;  June  11;  very  few. 

Reynolds. — J.  E.  Heaton  ;  July  6;  few. 

Scott. — G.  B.  Greer,  Sikeston ;  June  8;  appeared.     Commerce  (Stedman). 

St.  Charles. — R.  B.  Bradshaw,  West  Alton;  June  13;  appeared.  Gilmore 
(Stedman). 

St.  Clair. — J.  S.  Manneriug,  Lowry  City;  June  17;  very  few. 

St.  Francis. — R.  S.  Banks,  Bismarck;  June  11;  few.  J.  A.  Shultz,  Farmington; 
June;  few. 

St.  Louis. — Creve  Cceur  (Stedman). 

Taney. — Cedar  Creek  (Stedman). 

Texas. — Stanford  (Stedman). 

Warren. — G.  H.  Martin,  Tuque;  June  14;  few  in  timber.     Holstein  (Stedman). 

Washington. — J.  G.  Barlow,  Cadet;  May  27;  plentiful  in  woods;  saplings 
injured.     William  Goulding,  Hulsey  ;  not  many.     Summit  (Stedman). 

Webster. — T.  G.  Cardwell,  Seymour;   June;   not  as  many  as  usual.     Niangua 
(Stedman). 
Tennessee : 

Benton. — R.  B.  White,  Big  Sandy;  June  8;  "bulk  came  about  June  1."  W.  H. 
Evans,  Camden;  June  17;  great  numbers;  now  gone. 

Carroll. — E.  G.  Butler,  Westport;  June  8;  numerous.  J.  W.  McMillin  (corre- 
spondent Statistical  Division),  Post;  letter  of  May  23;  plentiful. 

Chester. — J.  C.  Miningham,  Henderson;  June  7;  abundant.  J.  A.  Miller,  Sweet- 
lips;  June  6;  appeared  May  10;  plentiful  yet. 

Crockett. — W.  B.  York,  M.  D.,  Chestnutbluff;  present,  but  rapidly  disappearing. 

Decatur. — C.  F.  Abston,  Parsons;  June  6;  abundant.  M.  P.  Haynes,  Oakview; 
June  15;  great  numbers. 

Dickson. — J.  E.  Manson,  Murfreesboro ;  June  11;  much  damage. 

Dyer. — W.  J.  Flatt,  Templeton;  June  15;  millions.  J.  W.  Ledbetter,  Finley; 
June  15;  considerable  numbers;  here  thirteen  years  ago.  Louis  M.  Williams, 
Newbern;  June  7;  great  numbers.  J.  N.  Parker,  Dyersburg;  June  6;  quite 
numerous.  L.  M.  Michett,  Heloise;  June  11;  apparently  "more  than 
usual." 

Fayette. — James  H.  Cocke,  Lambert;  June  7;  "very  thick."  J.  W.  Dongan, 
Williston  (2  cards);  were  very  numerous  in  May;  very  few  now;  June  18. 
W.  A.  Douglass,  Lambert;  June  16;  appeared  about  May  1.  J.  M.  Jones, 
Somerville;  June  7;  large  quantities. 

Gibson. — G.  W.  Terrill,  Nebo;  June  10;  appeared  about  May  6.  J.  H.  Koffman, 
Fruitland;  June  11;  great  numbers. 

Hardeman. — A.  Fitz,  Whiteville;  June  9;  large  numbers  about  May  10.  E.  B. 
Stewart,  Newcastle;  appeared  last  of  May;  stayed  two  weeks.  J.  L.  Gibson, 
Whiteville;  appeared  about  second  week  in  June. 

Hardin. — E.  T.  Cronin,  Saltillo;  June;  great  numbers.  J.  T.  Martin,  Nixon; 
June  14 ;  very  numerous. 

Haywood. — F.  B.  Gause,  Nutbush;  June  13;  appeared  May  15;  were  here  in 
1885.     F.  E.  Hunt,  Stanton  Depot;  June  11;  very  numerous. 

Henderson. — T.  C.  Moore,  Luray;  June  14;  present;  here  in  1885.  Nathan  Wal- 
ter, M.  D.,  Atkins;  appeared  about  May  20. 

Henry. — J.  D.  Poyner,  Northfork;  great  quantities  from  May  15  until  June. 


Trill  i  Mt  iliueil. 

Humphreyi     Geoi  •■    M    Tubh,  Waverly;    Jnui  'l'-    numb 

some  I"-  slit  ics  |  In  "i  bei  i  none. 
Lake.     I     Donaldsou,  Tiptonville;  Jane  14;  nppeurvd  euil  ol    \ 
l  .nul.nl. lie  Orysa;  June  8;  quite  na  John  Conner,  Rip 

lev  ;    .1  line  >  ;    \    i>t    nun:'  btt  j    B  :■;•.-.!..  i   .    .  .  | 

Toni  Hale,  I  mall  nnmbei  i 

Madison.    John    ll.   Lamer,   ji   ;   June  10;    unusuallj    large   nnmbere.     W.    II. 

Roohelle,  Medon;  M.n  SI;  great  numben      C.  W.  Hudson,  Malesut;  Jul 

quite  niiiiu'i one. 
McNairy.     '•.  I.'.  Wilson,  Adamsville;  June  IS;  very  uumeroui  in   May;  d 

now 
Montgomery.     B  J.  Corban,  Corbandale;  June  23;  \>r\  f< 

Obion. — .1.  .1.  Butler,  I  >'  Arnicntl ;  June  ll  ;  appeared  in  Obion  County  :  n •  in 

oe  County.     W.   ll.  Nichols,   Kenton;  Jnne  13;  "millions."    «■    k    Hoi 

man.  Harris ;  •'  une  9 ;  present. 
Perry,     w  .  11.  Lancaster,  Lobelville;  June  10;  great  numbers.     Elijah  1  »i\  inny, 

Lobelville;  June  10;  n<»\\  disappearing.     M.  B.  Killrell,  Farmers  Valle)  ; 

numbers. 
Rutherford.— J.  E.  Manson,  Murfreesboro ;  June  ll;  few  in  this  oounty;  much 

damage  in  1  Dickson  ( lonnty. 
Shelby.— R.  S.  Owen,  Dexter;  appeared;  Jnne.     Fred.  Buttle,  Arlington;  June 

25;  plentiful.     R.  F.  Malone,  Capleville ;  June  8;  great  numbers;  now  almost 

gone.     Richard   D'Ailey,   36   Equitable    Building,   Memphis;  letter  Ma 

plentiful;  Bparrowa  destroying  them. 
Stewart.— J.  11.   Bufford,  M.  1>.,   Lesbia;  June  8;  few.    G.  W.  Man,. jr..  Bear 

Bpring :  June  16;  few. 
Tipton.— S.  W.  Beddingtield,  Gainsville;  Jui  I  numbers  May  10.     W.  I'. 

Billings,  Tipton;   June  ll:   come  and  gone.     11.  J.  Faught,  jr.,  Covington; 

Jnne  10;  appeared;  first  time  since  iv 
Wayne.— W.  D,  McAnally,  Clifton;  Jnne  13;  appeared. 
Weakley. — W.  W.   Fuller,   Dresden;  June  8;  large  quantities.     W.  H.  Copps, 

Peck;  June  11:  numerous;  dying  fast. 
Williamson. — J.  1".  Buttrey,  Naomi;  June  8;  very  few. 

];i  <  ORD8    I ■■«  'K    BROOD    VI. 

1  Delaware  • 

Newcastle. — Frank  M.  Jones,  1111  West  Btreet,  Wilmington,  in  letter  of  May  30, 
few  specimens  found. 
District  of  Columbia : 

During  tin-  last  ten  days  of  May  and  first  of  June  scattering  specimens  were  fonnd 
-within  the  limits  of  the  District,  chiefly  in  the  grounds  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  of  the  United  States  National  Museum.  Just  beyond  the 
District  limits,  near  Cabin  John  Bridge,  quite  a  number  appeared,  sufficient 
to  allow  some  boys  to  collect  a  half  peek  of  pupal  shells.  The  Bparrowa 
snapped  up  the  locusts,  however,  bo  promptly  that  they  were  not  in  evidence 
more  than  a  few  days. 
Georgia : 

Dade. — (>.  I>.  Austin,    Trenton.  Dade  County:  appeared  about   last  of  April;  all 
gone  at  present  date   June  13). 

Elbert. — J.  F.Scarborough,  Elberton;  June  7;  heard  :;  or  I  about  May  10. 

Floyd. — Isaac  D.  (iaillard.  box  24,  Koine;  June  30;  limited  numbers  on  19th  and 
20th  of  May. 

Habersham. — P.  W.  Green,  Turnerville ;  some:  plentiful  in  RabunCounty.     J.P. 
Wilson,  CTarkesville;  June?:  appeared  in  some  parts  of  county. 


74 

Georgia — Continued. 

Hall.— B.  Niblack,  Virgil;  June  22,  1898. 

Paulding. — J.   S.  Watson,    Brownsville;    June    30;    few    about    lirst    days    of 

May. 
Rabun. — See  report  of  P.  W.  Green  under  Habersham  County ;  see  report  of  B.  C. 

Hawkins  under  Macon  County,  N.  C. 
Spalding. — H.  N.  Starnes,  Experiment;  "advance  guard"  first  heard  in  Spalding 

County  June  10. 
White. — A.  W.    Smith.   Tesnatee;   none  seen,  hut  few  heard  recently.     P.   S. 

Dorsey,  Mossycreek;  June  20;  very  few. 
Illinois : 

Dewitt. — John  1.   Barnett,   Hallsville;   great  numbers    about  middle  of  May. 

W.  R.  Carle,  Wapella  ;  millions  about  first  of  June. 
Douglas. — Recorded  in  Bloomington  Pantagraph,  June  21,  1898. 
Knox. — Joseph  W.  Miles,  Appleton ;  heard  few  June  10. 
McLean. — C.  N.  Vandervoort,  Randolph;  few  this  year. 
Montgomery. — E.  H.  Donaldson,  Xokomis;  very  few. 
Scott. — John  C.  Andras,  Manchester;  sporadic  (XVIII,  June  2,  1). 
Shelby. — Bernhard  Manufacturing  Company,  Strasburg;    plentiful  in  eastern 

part  of  county. 
Vermilion. — J.  G.  Baird,  Indianola;  few. 
Indiana : 

Boone. — T.  R.  Caldwell,  Lebanon;  limited  numbers;  June  10.     J.  C.  Jaques, 

Thorntown;  reported;  June. 
Brown. — Thomas  J.  Cornelius,  Cornelius;  limited  numbers ;  June  11. 
Carroll. — W.  B.  Ray,  postmaster,  Rockfield;  heard  them  just  lately;  June. 
Grant. — J.  M.  Miller,  Upland;  scattering  in  the  timber;  June  8. 
Johnson. — John  B.  Miner,  Edinburg;  few  as  yet;  June  7. 
Laporte. — X.  W.  Garman,  Rolling  Prairie;  several  in  the  timber;  June  13. 
Wells. — E.  Y.  Sturgis,  Bluffton;  very  limited;  June  9. 
Kentucky : 

Letcher. — W.B.Webb,  Sergent;  present;  June — . 
Maryland : 

Cecil. — Frank    W.    Sempers.    Blythedale;    two    specimens    observed    May  25; 

a  year  ago  larva1  found  when  excavating  at  depths  of  2,  4,  and  6  feet  from 

surface. 
Montgomery. — August  Busck,  Cabin  John  Bridge. 
Prince  George. — Frank  Beriton,  Berwyn. 

Washington. — H.  B.  Hawkins,  Hagerstown;  July  22;  saw  one  specimen  ;  June  1, 
Michigan : 

Barry. — A.  C.  Boyes,  Hastings;  mostly  on  the  forest  trees  ;  June  17. 

Chippewa. — William  P.  McDonald,  Pickford;  plentiful;  June  15. 

Genesee. — S.  W.  Pierson,  Lmden;  plentiful;  June  6. 

Houghton. — JohnHolle,  Jacohsville;  very  many;  arrived  in  the  middle  of  May; 

June  11.     Also  in   letter  of  June  25  John  Hollev  reports  great  damage,  but 

unable  to  send  specimens. 
Kent. — C.  L.  Barrett,  Kent  City;  appeared  in  this  and  adjoining  counties,  doing 

great  damage;  June  10;  appeared  May  15. 
Macomb. — D.  H.  Miller,  Macomb;  appeared;  July  11. 
Xewaygo. — W.  E.  Gould,  Fremont;  sparingly;  few  last  year;  June  16. 
Ogemaw. — Malcolm   McLean,  Prescott;    August  29;   very  small  numbers  from 

middle  of  Juue  to  July  30. 
Otsego. — H.  L.   Bonner,  Vauderbilt;    great  numbers,  forests  nearly  denuded; 

June  8. 
Shiawassee. — C.  M.  Kellogg,  Perry;  appeared:  June  5. 


I 


Michigan    Continued 

Waahtenaw.     w     \.  Baeton  notao  Dumen 

-i  iiit. 
Montana : 

Cbotean,  fathead,  Gallatin,  Missoula      l  .  \  .  W 
numbers;  tome  damage  t<«  young  apple  trees  in  M 
from  June  15  to  Jul  j  i".      in-i  authenticated  report  1 1  <  >m  Monte 

Bergen.     William  Beutenmuller,  American  Museum  o(  Natural  Histe 
Park,  Ken   York  City;  rather  common  on  June  5  al  r<-it  Lee,  N.  J.;  letter 
dated  June  8. 

Cumberland.     Edwin  W.  Stars,   Bridgeton;  few;  abundant   I  me  15. 

Report  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith,  July  5,  al  \  ineland. 

Bea<  \      Report  bj  Prof.  J,  B.  Smith,  Julj  5,  at  Caldwell,  i 

Hudaon. — Report  bj  Prof,  J.  B.  Smith,  July  •".,  at  Arlington. 

Mercer.  Report  by  Prof,  J.  B.  Smith,  July  5,  at  Titueville,  ami  also  on  count) 
line  bet* een  Hunterdon  and  Mercer. 

Middlesex.-— George  \.  Phillips,  Franklin;  Bwarma  in  timbered  diatriote;  June 
June  15.      Also  by  Professor  Smith.) 

Morris.— Report  bj  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith,  July  5,  at  Banover. 

Passaie.  -J.  B.  Smith,  letter  of  July  9,  :u  Charlotteburg. 

Somerset. — Swarme  in  timbered  districts.    George  V.  Phillips,  Franklin  Park; 
June  15. 
New  York: 

Greene.— Hiram  Van  Slyke,  New  Baltimore;  in  limited  quantities. 

New  fork  City. — Woodlawn  Cemetery,  James  Angus,  1228  Clover  Btreet,  I 
Farms:  few  pupae  cases  found;  letter  dated  June  15. 

Richmond. — William  T.  Davis,  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island:  quite  generally  <>n 
east  half  of  island    west  half  not  examined);  June  21. 

Schenectady.— A.   F.   Vedder,  East  Glenville;  fev.  n  years  ago:  uone 

here   y«t  :  .June  10. 
North  Carolina  : 

Alexander. — R.Don  Law-.  Moravian  Falls;  May  28;  extends  from  Brushy  Moun- 
tain (see  Wilkes  County).  W.  F.  Patterson,  Mount  Pisgah;  thick  in  some 
places.  J.  P.  Matheson.  Taylorsviile ;  not  in  every  neighborhood;  June  7. 
A.  P.  Matheson,  Taylorsviile;  abundant  in  some  Bections  of  county,  in  others 
only  a  few;  May  28. 

Bladen. — Charles  T.  Davis,  Populi;  many:  June  13. 

Buncombe. — P.  M.  Westfeldt,  Rugby  Grange,  Fletcher;  abundant  in  part-  of 
Buncombe  and  Henderson  counties;  letter  dated  .June  11. 

Burke. — W.  C.  Ervin,  Morgan  ton;  abundant:  May  26.  Also  in  McDowell 
Comity.     Herbert  <>.  Honk,  Morganton ;  appeared  about :  May  1. 

Cabarrus.  — D.  YV.  Turner,  Smiths  Ford;  few;  June  18. 

Caldwell. — H.  <;.  Powell,  Bibuten;  very  numerous;  June  16.  J.  M.  Spainhour, 
Lenoir;  at  Glenburnie;  plentiful;  letter  dated  June  8.  Rain  destroyed  thou- 
sands. W.  J.  Harrington,  Blackdale;  June  *>;  some  south  of  this  place. 
John  M.  Houck,  Lenoir:  in  letter  of  June  13;  injury  less  than  ever  known 
before.     Frank  A.  Clinard,  Hickory ;  June  8;  present. 

Catawba.— Frank  A.  Clinard.  Hickory;  .June  8;  present.  George  W*.  Robb, 
Newton:  June  27;  appeared  in  portions  of  county  about  May  1.  B.  M.  Mor- 
row, Clareinont:  June  8;  not  very  numerous  except  in  certain  Bections.  J. 
W.  Killiam,  Maiden:  appeared  in  pine  woods. 

Henderson. — W.D.Miller,  Eugby;  June  16;  present  in  thi<  township.  P.  M. 
Westfeldt,  Rugby  Grange;  June  1 1 ;  abundant  in  parts  of  county.  A.  ( iannon, 
Horse  Shoe;  appeared  about  May  25;  the  woods  are  full;  June  8.  N.H.Hill, 
Columbus;  June  8;  numerous 


76 

North  Carolina — Continued. 

Iredell. — G.  H.  Shepherd,  Elm  wood;  very  limited;  appeared  May  25,  but  soon 
disappeared. 

Lincoln. — J.  H.  Bernhardt,  Reinhardt;  appeared  about  May  1,  and  left  about 
June  1.  J.  D.  Mundy,  M.  D.,  Denver;  June  11;  only  a  few.  R.  M.  Ruraon, 
Lincoluton;  June  6;  plentiful,  but  no  damage. 

Macon. — Joseph  Morgan,  Etna;  June  13;  great  quantities.  B.  C.  Hawkins, 
Highlands;  May  21;  numerous  in  the  mountains  about  2,800  feet  elevation ; 
also  in  Rabun  County,  Ga.,  and  Oconee  County,  S.  C.  C.  W.  Slagle,  Nonah; 
July  8;  present  in  May. 

McDowell. — L.  W.  Williams,  Greenlees;  appeared  about  May  15.  S.  L.  Ballew, 
South  Toe,  Yancey  County ;  June;  "This  year  east  of  Catawba  River,  next  year 
reach  to  Blue  Ridge,  and  following  year  to  here." 

Moore. — S.  B.  Worthy,  Jouesboro;  June  14;  very  few. 

Montgomery. — John  F.  Cotton,  Pontop;  June  16;  very  few. 

Piedmont  section. — George  S.  Powell,  Asheville ;  May  23 ;  "  Understand  it  is  now 
appearing  in  Piedmont  section,  and  is  expected  in  the  mountain  counties.-' 

Pender.— J.  E.  Henry,  Long  Creek;  June  6;  appeared. 

Polk. — C.  W.  Pearson,  Saluda;  Juue  7;  appeared  about  May  1.  T.  F.  Thorne, 
Mill  Spring;  June  7;  vast  amount.  N.  H.  Hill,  Columbus;  June 8;  numerous 
here,  also  in  Henderson,  Transylvania,  and  Rutherford  counties. 

Rabun. — B.  C.  Hawkins,  Highlands;  in  letter  June  3;  in  mountains  at  eleva- 
tion of  1,500-3,000  feet. 

Randolph. — D.  G.  McMasters,  farmer;  few. 

Rutherford. — N.  H.  Hill,  Columbus;  June  8;  numerous. 

Swain. — P.  P.  McLean,  Whittier;  June  7;  present  in  parts. 

Transylvania. — J.  M.  Thrash,  Calhoun ;  large  numbers  in  May.  N.  H.  Hill,  Colum- 
bus; June  8;  numerous. 

Union. — S.J.  Richardson,  Waxhaw;  June  11;  some  in  woods. 

Washington. — James  A.  Chesse,  Roper;  June  13;  "insect  in  apple  trees." 

Wilkes.— J.  J.  Spicer,  Joynes;  June  9;  not  here,  but  in  other  parts  of  county. 
R.  Don  Laws,  Moravian  Falls ;  May  28 ;  "  column  extending  from  Brushy  Moun- 
tains southwest  some  28  miles."     Calvin  J.  Cowles,  Wilkesboro;  July  26 ;  gives 
boundaries  of  brood. 
Ohio: 

Carroll. — Jos.  McGregor,  Carrollton;  very  scarce;  June  10. 

Champaign. — Dr.  David  O'Brien,  Urbana;  few  ;  no  damage;  May  9. 

Columbiana. — J.  M.  Dickinson,  Lisbon;  none  except  a  few  in  one  locality; 
July  11. 

Delaware. — H.  A.  Davis,  Constantia;  June  22;  very  few. 

Mahoning. — L.  A.  Wagner,  Berlin  Center;  June  9;  very  few  yet. 

Madison. — James  S.  Hine,  248  West  Fourth  street,  Columbus;  few. 

Montgomery. — James  S.  Hine,  248  West  Fourth  street,  Columbus;  few. 

Morrow. — R.  A.  Beatty,  Cardington;  June  10;  saw  two  shells. 

Pickaway. — Ezra  Hill,  Darby ville;  June  1;  few  in  northern  part  of  county. 

Shelby. — J.  F.  Ernest,  Dawson;  saw  three,  May  29;  none  now,  June  9. 

Union. — J.  P.  Martin,  Milford  Center;  limited  numbers  in  particular  localities; 
June  15. 
Pennsylvania : 

Bucks,  Montgomery. — Robert  Blight,  Green  Lane;  June  17;  great  numbers  at 
Durham,  Bucks  County,  and  few  at  Green  Lane,  Montgomery  County. 

Westmoreland. — P.  Jerome  Schmidt,  St.  Vincent  College,  Beatty;  June  27;  seen 
none;  had  expected  them.  Robert  Ellis,  Youngwood;  June  8;  few;  little 
early  yet. 


77 


■•  stump  I  [ohm  Mountain 

I '.  1 1  niiiji|ii\  ,  (   levrland  ;   . 


N    I 

i 

orldi 


:.  I  »«■-  .it  iii  ; 


Booth  <  larolina  : 

Ooonee.     I  '•  C  1 1  twkina,  Highlands,  M  icon  <  onnty,  \  C.  j  known  to  i»  oonn 
Jone 8.     Ernest  Walker,  Clenisen  Coll<  -luil  nob 

n. -i-  Count]    Conriei     of  June  9    L808r  «l<      i      d 
I  Loada  01 

TtMim-ssec  : 

Bradley.    . 

1894. 
Greene.  —  w  ,  M.  Lyle,  Beulah;  June  7;  verj 
Hamilton.     \.  W.  Duncan, Tyner;  June 8;  fen  this  year;  four  y< 

of  them." 
Jefferson.    George   \.  Zinkle,   Mount   Horeb;  June   LS;  have  seen  no 

;i  few. 

Kik>\.  —  \l.  P.  Rudder,  Knoxville;  June  15;  verj  few. 

Meigs. — W.  C.  Godoey,  Malonej  ;  June  29;  onlj  a  few.     Robert  Bpaldi 
June  6 :  \  ery  few. 

Polk  —  N.  s.  Price,  (  hesnul  Mills;  June;  few. 

Sullivan.  —  E.  11.  Barnaul,  Clover  Bottom ;  June  23;  in  some  portions  of  county, 
nia: 

Charlotte.  —  I.  W.  Elam,  Terryville;  June  8;  heard  two  or  three. 

Chesterfield. — Peter  Traser,  Granite ;  June  li:  not  in  large  numbs 

Fairfax. — Theo.  Pergande,  opposite  Cabin  John  Bridge. 

Powhatan. — C.  B.  Chilton,  Jeffersonton ;  June  10;  few. 

Prince  Edward. — I.  H.  Booker,  Briery ;  June  10;  heard  two  or  three;  not  expected. 
West  Virginia : 

Berkeley. —  G.  W,  Van  Metre,  Martinsburg;   June  6;   noticed   about   two 
expected. 

1  [ampshire. — J,  1\  I  Gardner,  M.  I  >..  Capon  Bridge;  few;  June  7. 

Jefferson. — Joseph  1).  Smith,  Middleway;  Juno  t>:  found  Bhell  of  one.    J 
Rider,  Halltown ;  June?;  noticed  few  stragglers. 

Mineral. — J.  W.  Kinehart.  Foote ;  June":  few;  17-year  brood  here  in  lv- 

Preston. — J.S.  Brown,  Kingwood ;  June?:  few;  nothing  like  last  year. 

Webster. — J.W.  Bonner,  Camden  on  Ganley;  June  7:  heard  a  few. 
Wisconsin : 

Burnett. — W.  Busch,  Spooner;  June  10;  reported  40  miles  from  here  at  Grants- 
burg,  Burnett  County. 

Columbia. — Prof.  E.  S.  Goff,  Agricultural  experiment  station,  Madison  ;  appeared 
at  certain  places  mentioned. 

Crawford. — W.  C.  Warren,  Towerville;  June  17;  reports  of  its  coming  out  of 
ground.  "Not  at  this  place.  Tiny  seem  to  follow  the  Mississippi  and  can  be 
found  within  8  miles  of  it.  This  place  is  about  13  miles  from  river. "  William 
D.  Merrell.  Prairie  du  Chien;  few  about  May  25. 

Dane. — George  J.  Kellogg,  Janesville;  July  2 ;  very  numerous  and  injuring  the 
cane  fruits;    75  miles  of  here  in   Dane  County.     He  adds:  "Write  M  -    1 
Johnson.  Baraboo,  Wis.,  who  is  making  inquiry  through  our  State  horticul- 
turist, George  J.  King."    (See  Sauk  County.)    Prof.E  ports  no  indica- 
tion of  them  at  Madison  June  6. 

Fond  du  Lac. — T.  F.  Met  lonnell,  Ripon  :  June  1 1 ;  great  nnmb< 

Green  Lake. — Samuel  Owens,  Dart  ford ;  June  7:  present,  but  no  damage  bo  far. 
Prof  E.  8.  Goff  states  that  he  is  informed  by  L.  G.  Kellogg,  Ripon,  Wis.,  that 
they  appeared  in  the  town  of  Green  Lake  and  occasionally  elsewhere  in  state; 
June  23. 

Marquette. — Joseph  Whitmore,  Harrisville;  June 24;  herein  full  t 

Sauk. — Mrs.  Franklin  Johnson,  Baraboo;  June  I.  found  hundreds  just  emerged 
heneath  large  oak  tree;  ground   in  blackberry  field  thickly  perforated  with 


not 


W. 


78 

Wisconsin — Continued. 

Sauk — Continued, 
holes.     In  the  woods  near  by  their  noise  resembles  the  distant  roar  of  the 
sea.     Chicago  Times-Herald  clipping,  June  25,  states  that  they  appeared  at 
Baraboo  a  month  ago;  much  more  numerous  than  seventeen  years  ago. 

Sawyer.— William  Powers,  Hayward;  June  8;  few  in  certain  places. 

Washburn. — Andrew  Ryan,  Shell  Lake;  June  15;  not  to  any  extent. 

Waushara. — H.  O.  Kruschk,  Aurora  ville ;  June  17 ;  some  in  western  part  of  county, 
according  to  report. 

SOME  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  CYCLE  OF  THE  SEXUAL  DEVELOP- 
MENT OF  THE  "BLOOD  LOUSE." 

(Schizonenra  lanigera  Hausm,) 
By  S.  MOKRZHETSKI.* 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Schizonenra  lanigera  Hausm.  was  the 
subject  of  numerous  observations  in  various  countries,  some  stages  of 
its  post-embryonic  development  are  still  insufficiently  investigated  and 
their  role  in  the  life  of  the  insect  is  not  cleared  up.  The  appearance 
of  the  "blood  louse"  in  great  numbers  in  the  Crimea  gave  me  an  oppor- 
tunity last  summer  to  turn  my  attention  to  those  uncleared-up  points 
in  the  development  of  the  insect  and  I  shall  endeavor  to  lay  down 
briefly  my  observations. 

It  is  well  known  that  in  the  blood  louse  a  double  cycle  of  develop- 
ment is  observed,  one  with  a  sexual  generation  and  the  other  without 
it,  and  that  after  a  number  of  broods  of  this  insect  which  are  born  par- 
thenogenetically  from  wingless  viviparous  females — nurses — toward 
the  fall  among  the  wingless  male  nurses  there  appear  individuals  with 
rudimentary  wings,  so-called  nymphs. 

In  the  past  fall  in  the  Crimea  I  did  not  find  nymphs  before  Septem- 
ber $  on  the  12th  of  September  (old  style)  I  found  in  one  garden  (on 
the  Kacha)  nymphs  entirely  ready  to  assume  the  winged  state,  and  on 
the  14th  of  September  I  observed  the  flying  of  the  winged  blood  louse. 
The  ability  of  the  winged  insect  to  fly  was  a  matter  of  doubt  in  our 
science.  While  some  investigators  (Kessler)t  asserted  that  the  winged 
blood  lice  move  about  little  and  are  not  capable  of  spreading  the  infec- 
tion on  other  unaffected  apple  trees  since  they  are  unable  to  fly  over 
to  them,  other  investigators,  among  them  R.  Goethe,  ascribed  to  the 
winged  insect  the  ability  to  fly  well  and  to  spread  the  pest  to  new 
places. 

My  observations  show  that  the  winged  blood  louse  flies  well,  but  is  a 
bad  conveyer  of  the  infection  to  new  places. 

*  Translated  from  the  Russian  by  Prof.  P.  Fireman,  Columbian  University,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

tDr.  H.  F.  Kessler,  "Die  Entwickelungs  und  Lebensgeschichte  der  Blutlaus." 
Cassel,  1885.  By  the  same  author:  "Die  Ungefahrlichkeit  und  kostenlose  Vertil- 
gung  der  Blutlaus"  in  the  "Bericht  fiir  Xaturkunde  zu  Cassel,"  1889, 


The  period  «>i  High!  of  tin'  winged  insects  in  the  present   \< 
\ci\  long,  having eontinaed  a  full  month  from  September  11  t<>  <  i 
ber  15.     After  the  middle  of  0  I  found  no  winged  in  id  no 

nymphs.     All  that  time  the  vreathei  was  warm,  and  in  th<-  mnnj  days 
it  was  easj   to  observe  the  convey  era    of  the  \ye  tl    [>o    •  well 

developed  wings  and  flying  over  the  twigs  of  healthy  as  well  as  in f< 
apple  trees;  on  the  latter  I  (band  the  winged  lou  I  the 

injured  places  among  colonies  of  sacking  wingless  lice,  and  al-<»  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  leaves  of  the  apple  tree  on  which  the  winged  I 
feeds  by  making  holes  in  them  and  Backing  them. 

On  the  l  ttli  of  September,  while  riding  from  Bebastopol  to  Simphe* 
ropol, J  caught  some  winged  lice  on  the  window  panes  of  the  car. 
Another  time,  on  September  28,  while  looking  over  apple  trees  on 
winch  no  wingless  blood  lice  were  round,  in  imc  orchard  near  the  vil- 
lage  Biel,  on  the  Alma,  I  observed  many  living  and  dead  winged  lice 
hang  ap  in  the  web  woven  by  a  spider  <>n  the  twigs  of  the  trees  at 
the  height  of  7  feet.  The  nearest  infested  orchard  was  situated  some 
850  feet  about  0.165  of  a  mile)  from  the  place  mentioned,  and  the 
winged  louse  flew  over  that  distance.  Later  1  repeatedly  found  winged 
blood  lice  entangled  in  webs  on  such  trees  where  I  could  not  discover 
any  infection  by  the  wingless  lice. 

In  observing  the  flight  of  the  blood  louse  in  the  room  under  a  glass 
bell  jar  I  had  frequent  occasion  to  convince  myself  that  the  louse  uses 
well  its  organs  of  dying,  and  is  especially  lively  at  noon  in  the  sun. 
Notwithstanding  the  ability  of  the  winged  louse  to  make  comparatively 
long  (lights,  it  appears,  however,  a  bad  conveyer  of  its  offspring  to  new 
places.     This  will  be  understood  from  the  following  observations: 

On  the  19th  of  September  T  cut  off  some  shoots  of  an  apple  tree  which 
were  strongly  infested  by  the  blood  louse,  placed  them  in  a  vessel  with 
water,  and  covered  them  with  a  glass  bell  jar.  After  three  days  1 
noticed  two  winged  lice,  which  L  placed  on  a  cover  glass. |  I)  On  the 
following  day  they  gave  birth  to  eleven  sexual  individuals,  among 
which  one  was  a  male,  while  the  others  were  females. 

After  that,  on  every  following  day  to  the  end  of  September,  more 
and  more  lice  assumed  the  winged  state  under  the  bell  jar.  1  trans- 
ferred them  to  the  cover  glass  (  .').  and  on  a  small  apple  tree  planted 
into  a  flower  pot  and  covered  by  a  bell  jar.  On  the  lower  side  of  the 
the  leaves  the  winged  females  gave  birth  (the  embryos  came  in  the 
world  with  the  posterior  end  of  the  body  forward  i.  usually  on  the 
ond  or  third  day.  to  seven  sexual  individuals,  on  the  average.  The 
winged  individuals  live  as  much  as  a  week,  but  the  bringing  forth 
of  sexual  ones  stops  on  the  third  or  fourth  day  alter  the  assumption  of 
the  winged  state. 

Of  the  great  number  of  the  sexual  individuals  seen  by  me  the  greatest 
majority  were  females;  to  live,  sometimes  even  to  ten.  females  there  is 
only  one  male. 


80 

With  such  a  correlation  of  the  sexes,  in  freedom,  by  far  not  all  the 
females  can  become  fertilized  (although  one  male  usually  fertilizes  two 
females),  and  consequently  the  greater  part  of  them  lay  their  eggs  non- 
fertilized. 

Nature  having  provided  the  blood  louse  with  a  powerful  means  of 
preservation  of  its  species,  namely,  with  parthenogenetic  multiplica- 
tion, left  the  sexual  mode  of  multiplication,  as  it  were,  in  reserve  only 
(as  auxiliary),  not  having  perfected  it  to  the  necessary  degree. 

Thus,  although  the  winged  blood  lice  are  capable  of  flying  over  to 
uuinfested  trees,  the  sexual  females  produced  by  them,  owing  to  a  lack 
of  males  and  the  difficulty  of  finding  the  females  by  the  latter,  lay,  in 
the  majority  of  cases,  unfertilized  eggs. 

The  males  and  females  of  the  blood  louse,  as  is  well  known,  have  no 
proboscis  and  digestive  organs  and  do  not  take  food  during  the  whole 
of  their  life,  which  lasts,  according  to  my  observations,  fifteen  to 
eighteen  days.  In  the  course  of  that  time  the  sexual  individuals  grow, 
moult  several  times,  and  are  in  constant  motion. 

The  adult  female  is  of  a  convex,  ovate  form,  yellow  red  in  color,  with 
dark  eyes.  The  antennas  are  rather  short,  five-jointed;  the  first  two 
joints  are  the  shortest  ones;  the  following  three  are  longer  and  nearly 
equal  to  one  another;  the  last  joint  is  somewhat  pointed.  The  adult 
female  is  twice  as  large  as  the  male;  she  is  1.1  mm.  long,  0.5  mm.  wide. 

The  male  is  better  shaped  and  quicker  in  the  movements  than  the 
female;  five-jointed  antenna*,  about  half  as  long  as  the  body;  the  third 
and  fifth  joints  are  of  about  the  same  size;  the  fifth  one  has  a  hollow 
and  is  pointed.  The  color  of  the  body  is  olive  yellow.  On  the  last  seg- 
ment of  the  abdomen  there  are  two  pointed  sexual  stripes.  The  length 
of  the  adult  male  is  0.5  to  0.7  mm.,  the  width,  0.2  mm.  Both  sexes  are 
covered  with  a  slender  white  down. 

About  twelve  days  after  birth  the  females  become  slow  in  their  move- 
ments. When  not  at  freedom  (as  in  experiments),  they  gather  at  the 
lower  surface  of  the  leaves  and  into  depressions  of  the  latter.  Through 
the  integument  of  the  adult  female  begins  to  shine  through  a  large, 
long,  oval  egg,  constantly  increasing  and  filling  the  whole  cavity  of  the 
female. 

About  this  time  the  mobile  males  hunt  up  the  females  for  pairing; 
the  male  gets  upon  the  back  of  the  female,  and  in  this  position  the  in- 
sects remain  more  than  an  hour.  One  male  fertilizes  two,  but  some- 
times more  females.  Two  days  after  the  pairing  the  female  lays  its  only 
egg,  performing  this  act  slowly  during  fifteen  or  more  minutes,  owing 
to  the  enormous  size  of  the  egg  as  compared  with  the  insect  itself.  The 
laying  of  the  egg  appears  as  the  last  act  in  the  life  of  the  sexual  female, 
from  which  there  remains  almost  nothing  more  than  the  shriveled  skin, 
of  an  olive  yellow  color,  which  continues  to  move  for  some  time. 

The  egg  of  the  blood  louse  recalls  to  one  that  of  the  phylloxera.  It 
is  oblong,  cylindrical,  rounded  at  the  ends;  freshly  laid  it  is  smooth, 


-I 

shining,  yellowish;  later  ou  it  beoomes  dark  cinnamon  ng.  3),  and  on 
n  the  white  down  witb  whioh  the  female  oov<  more 

marked.    The  length  of  the  egg  ii ,(. •'»  to  0.7  mm.,  the  width,  0.2  mm* 

The  Aral  egg  waa  laid,  in  confinement,  bj  one  of  the  females  on  the 
8th  of  October,  at  the  lower  Bide  ol  a  leaf  lu  an  angle  of  the  flbei 
the  latter.    The  other  females  laid  their  egga  in  the  h"il<>\\^  of  leaves. 

in  the  orchard  I  investigated  the  apple  trees  infested  i»\  the  blood 
lice  ami  on  one  of  tin'  trees  fonnd  on  October  10,  among  winf 
nurses  after  they  have  been  carefully  removed  from  the  twig,  two  i 
of  the  blood  loose  as  described  above;   In  other  places,  I.e.,  on  the 
Leaves  <>r  in  the  bosoms  of  the  latter,  or  in  the  depressions  of  the  bark, 
etc,  I  did  not  succeed  in  finding  cogs. 

Prom  tin*  eggs  laid  by  the  sexual  females  in  a  heated  room  young 

nurses  hatched  two  mouths  later.  It  is  possible  that  in  nature,  in  long 
continued  warm  weather,  nurses  are  hatched  still  in  the  autumn,  hut 
the  other  eggs  hibernate  until  the  spring. 

Thus,  the  egg  of  the  blond  louse  may.  with  equal  accuracy,  be  char- 
acterized as  a  tall  one.  as  Ke>sler  and  Keller  do.  or  as  a  winter  one.  as 
is  done  by  K.  <  loethe. 

A  CECIDOMYIID  INJURIOUS  TO  SEEDS  OF  SORGHUM. 

By   D.   W.  ( lOQUILLB  ii 

In  many  portions  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  the  growing  of  sorghum 
is  quite  an  important  industry;  and  even  when  not  grown  for  commer- 
cial purposes  many  farmers  raise  a  sufficient  quantity  for  the  require- 
ments of  their  several  households.  The  plants  are  raised  from  seed, 
and  are  treated  like  indian  corn,  and,  although  commonly  known  by  the 
name  of  sugar  cane,  are  scry  different  from  the  true  sugar  cane,  the  cul- 
ture of  which  is  confined  to  the  more  Southern  portion  of  this  country, 
where  the  plants  are  commonly  obtained  by  layering. 

Ou  the  2d  of  October,  1895.  two  seed-heads  of  sorghum  were  received 
at  this  office  from  Mr.  0.  0.  L.  Dill,  of  Dillburg,  Ala.,  and  one  from 
Thomas  J.  Key,  of  Montgomery.  Ala.  An  examination  of  these  revealed 
the  fact  that  many  of  the  seeds  had  been  destroyed  by  the  larva*  of 
some  species  of  OecidomyiidaB,  which   had   already  completed  their 


'Dr.  H.  F.  Kessler,  in  his  extensive  work  on  the  biology  «>t"  the  Mood  louse,  "  Die 
Entwickelung  and  Lebensgesctiichte  der  Blutlaus,"  L886,  gives,  in  an  appended  table 
of  drawings  of  the  various  stages  of  its  development,  some  drawings  which  do  not 
at  all  conform  with  the  reality.    Thus,  in  fig,  ii  of  the  table, is  represented  s  nurse 

giving  birth  to  a  young  louse,  which  makes  its  exit  with  the  head  forward,  while  the 
young  lice  produced  by  the  wingless,  as  well  as  by  the  winged  insects,  come  Into  the 
world  always  with  the  posterior  end  of  the  body  forward.  Further,  the  drawings 
of  the  sexual  individuals  (of  the  male  and  female,  figs.  12-13)  are  entirely  incorrect. 
The  egg  is  represented  only  diagrammatically  (schematisch).  In  view  of  what  has 
just  been  said,  we  give  as  accurate  a  drawing  as  possible  of  the  egi; — female  and 
male— of  this  plant  louse.— S.  M. 
8193— Xo.  18 6 


82 

transformations  and  escaped,  leaving  behind  them  nothing  but  their 
cast-off  skins  to  indicate  their  former  presence.  With  these  were  several 
Chalcis  Hies  belonging  to  the  genus  Apostrocetrus,  which  had  evidently 
preyed  upon  the  Cecidomyians. 

No  complaint  of  these  insects  again  reached  this  office  until  nearly 
three  years  later.  On  September  26, 1898,  a  second  sending  of  infested 
sorghum  seed  was  received  from  E.  H.  Price,  of  College  Station,  Tex. 
This  contained  quite  a  large  number  of  the  adult  flies  in  addition  to 
the  empty  pupa  cases  out  of  which  they  had  issued.  In  several  instances 
these  empty  cases  were  projecting  out  of  the  tops  of  the  seed-husks, 
the  larva?  having  evidently  lived  in  these  husks  next  to  the  seeds,  which 
they  had  caused  to  shrivel  up  by  depriving  them  of  their  juices.  A 
large  number  of  the  seeds  had  thus  been  destroyed  by  these  pests. 

An  extensive  examination  of  the  literature  bearing  on  this  subject 

has  failed  to  reveal  a  single  reference  to  a  Cecidomyian  that  attacks 

the  seeds  of  sorghum  or  of  any  closely  related  plant  in  any  part  of  the 

world.    There  is  every  reason,  therefore,  for  believing  that  this  pest  is 

as  yet  undescribed,  and  a  detailed  description  of  the  adults  is  given 

herewith: 

Diplosls  sorghicola  new  species. — Antennre  of  the  male  as  long  as,  of  the  female 
almost  on6-half  as  long  as,  the  body,  in  both  sexes  composed  of  fourteen  joints ;  joints 
three  to  fourteen  in  the  female  each  slightly  constricted  in  the  middle,  each  except 
the  last  one  greatly  constricted  at  the  apex  into  a  short  petiole,  a  few  bristly  hairs 
not  arranged  in  whorls  scattered  over  each  joint;  in  the  male, joints  three  to  four- 
teen are  each  greatly  constricted,  slightly  before  the  middle,  and  again  at  the  apex, 
except  in  the  case  of  the  last  joint,  the  constricted  portions  are  as  long  as  the  thick- 
ening at  the  base  of  each  joint;  each  of  the  thickened  portions  bears  a  whorl  of 
bristly  hairs.  In  the  living  insect  the  head,  including  the  palpi,  is  yellow,  antenme 
and  legs  brown,  thorax  orange  red,  the  center  of  the  mesonotnm  and  a  spot  crossing 
the  pleura  and  enlarging  on  the  sternum  black,  abdomen  orange  red,  wings  grayish 
hyaline.  The  first  vein  reaches  the  costa  noticeably  before  the  middle  of  the  wing; 
third  vein  nearly  straight,  ending  slightly  below  the  extreme  tip  of  the  wing,  the 
basal  portion  of  this  vein,  where  it  joins  the  first  vein,  distinct;  fifth  vein  forked 
slightly  before  the  middle  of  the  wing,  its  anterior  fork  ending  nearly  midway 
between  the  tip  of  the  posterior  fork  and  the  apex  of  the  third  vein.  Length  nearly 
2  mm. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  this  insect  passes  through  all  of  its  stages 
within  the  seed-husks,  there  is  no  chance  of  destroying  it  by  the  use 
of  any  known  insecticide  such  as  could  be  used  against  it  with  reason- 
able expense  and  labor. 

A  LEAF-TYER  OF  GRAPE  AND  ELDERBERRY. 

By  F.  H.  Chittenden. 

In  the  summer  of  1897,  during  the  first  weeks  of  July,  the  larvae  of  a 
pyralid  moth  were  observed  by  the  writer  at  Colonial  Beach,  Ya.,  on 
the  foliage  of  cultivated  grapevine,  occurring  in  considerable  numbers 
in  leaves  which  they  fold  together  near  the  middle  and  join  with  their 
rather  scanty  web.  The  moth  was  reared  and  proved  to  be  Phlyctcvnia 
tertialis  Gn.  The  short  study  that  was  given  to  this  species  at  the 
time  was  incited  from  its  occurrence  on  grape.  Subsequently  the 
larva  was  found  at  the  same  place  and  in  greater  abundance  upon  a 


cultivated  ornaments]  plant  of  the  genus  Sambucus,  called  iI<>a. 
elderberry,  and  it  is  obvious  thai  the  presence  of  the  insecl  upon  the 

vine  WM  due  ill   pail    to  the  pio\iimt\    <>|    flu-  '  ml. 

I  Uimw  di   no  record  "i   in  i  -  having  previously  been  fonnd 

apon  grape*     In  oar  most  recent  lists  t  w « »  s\  uonj  ma  are  [riven,  namely, 
Botu  plectilis  G.  &    b.  and    Botyt   tyringicola    Pack.    Guene< 
General    Delt  Pyral.,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  res  Vaccinium  a 

plant,  and  Packard  New  «>r  Little-known  Injurious  Insects,  p. 
stairs  that  ilif  larva  was  fonnd  in  the  stem  of  lilac;  hence  the  name 
tyringicola  bestowed  apon  ir  at  that  time,  it  would  appear  probable 
from  what  we  no*  know  that  this  was  a  \  erj  unusual,  if  not  accidental, 
occurrence,  as  it  docs  not  seem  likelj  that  this  larva  is  naturally  1  >< >t h 
a  leaf-tyer  and  a  stem-borer  of  woodv  plants. 

The  larva  is  of  a  delicate  light-green  color,  with  two  broad  white 
longitudinal  b&nds  extending  along  the  dorsum.  When  full  grown  it 
measures  about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  dust  before  attain- 
ing maturity  the  ground  color  is  light  greenish,  but  within  a  few  days 
of  pupation  this  turns  to  pinkish  or  flesh-colored,  particularly  along 
the  dorsum — a  phenomenon  of  common  occurrence  in  this  genus. 

Such  larwe  as  were  collected  began  to  mature  duly  L2.  One  which 
pupated  on  the  15th  issued  as  a  moth  on  the  26th,  having  remained  in 
the  pupa  state  11  days.  A  second  was  noticed  to  form  its  pupal  ease 
July  26  and  to  transform  three  days  later,  the  imago  appearing 
Angnst  9.  Other  divisional  records  show  that  the  moth  issued  March 
9,  1881,  and  duly  22,  1876,  localities  unknown. 

Comparison  of  the  series  recently  reared,  together  with  all  the 
material  preserved  in  the  National  Museum,  with  a  small  series  of  /'. 
sambucdlis  Schiff.  from  France,  in  the  same  collection,  show  these  two 
species  to  be  so  closely  related  that  one  might  he  very  readily  per 
suaded  to  believe  in  their  specific  identity.  The  American  specimens 
are  identical  with  others  determined  by  Professor  Fernald  as  Botis 
plniilis.  The  European  specimens  were  received  from  the  late  M. 
Ragonot. 

The  species  is  recorded  or  is  represented  in  the  national  collection 
and  in  our  Divisional  notes  from  the  following  localties  in  this  country: 

Maine;  Xew  Hampshire:  Massachusetts;  Kendall.  New  York  City, 
and  elsewhere  in  Xew  York:  Pennsylvania  (Grote);  New  Jersey  .1.  B. 
Smith):  Onaga,  Kans.  (Crevecouir  :  Colonial  Beach,  Ya.:  northern 
Illinois  (probably  in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago),  and  Ohio. 

A  FLEA-BEETLE  LIVING  ON  PURSLANE. 

By  F.  II.  Chittek 

July  30,  180S.  while  examining  the  firuil  of  melons  at  Marshall  Hall. 
Md.,  for  evidences  of  insect  attack,  an  egg  mass  was  observed  which 
from  the  general  appearance  of  the  eggs  was  believed  to  be  that  of  a 
species  of  Disonycha.    The  following  day  the  eggs  had  all  hatched. 


84 

In  the  jar  in  which  they  were  placed,  leaves  of  Chenopodiura,  Amaran- 
thus  and  wild  purslane  (Portulaca  oleracea)  were  placed,  as  these  three 
plants  were  known  to  be  affected  by  insects  of  the  genus  and  were  at 
hand  for  the  purpose.  The  Chenopodium  and  Amaranthus  were  rejected, 
but  the  larvae  fed  with  avidity  upon  the  Portulaca,  and  in  due  time 
transformed  to  pupa  and  adult,  the  species  proving  to  be  Disonycha 
caroliniana  Fab.* 

By  the  9th  of  August  the  largest  larva?  had  attained  full  growth, 
and  on  the  following  day  had  entered  the  earth.  On  the  llth  the 
remainder  had  buried  themselves  in  the  sand  with  which  their  rearing 
jar  had  been  supplied.  On  the  morning  of  August  17  all  but  one  of 
these  larvae  had  transformed  to  the  pupal  condition.  One  imago  fully 
colored  and  one  nearly  so,  were  found  on  the  morning  of  August  25, 
having  remained  in  the  pupal  condition  about  nine  days.  The  remainder 
passed  the  same  time  as  pupa?.  The  quiescent  stage  of  the  larva  was 
six  days  for  the  same  temperature.  The  active  stage  was  seventeen  to 
eighteen  days,  which  gives  about  thirty-seven  or  thirty-eight  days,  a 
figure  that  represents,  in  all  probability,  the  minimum  period,  as  the 
weather  averaged  about  85°  F. 

On  a  previous  occasion,  July  17,  eggs  were  obtained,  which  hatched 
July  22,  or  in  five  days. 

The  egg  did  not  present  any  character  noticeably  different  from  that 
of  .ranthomehvua,  which  will  be  described  in  a  forthcoming  bulletin. 
Tbe  larva  and  pupa,  owing  to  their  conspicuous  coloration,  were  strik- 
ingly distinct. 

The  larva. — The  larva  when  full  grown  is  subcylindrical  in  form, 
abdominal  segments  2  to  7  subequal  in  width,  the  others  gradually 
narrowing  toward  the  extremities.  Ground  color  either  olive  or  green, 
variegated  with  red,  forming  with  a  dark-green  inedio-dorsal  and  two 
submedial  stripes,  seven  longitudinal  stripes  of  alternate  green  and 
red.  Sometimes  red  and  sometimes  green  is  the  prevailing  tint. 
Surface  finely  granulate,  feebly  shining.  Aside  from  color  the  general 
characters  are  much  the  same  as  in  xanthomeUvna,  which  has  been 
described  in  Bulletin  Xo.  22,  first  series,  p.  77.  Each  segment  is  pro- 
duced into  a  transverse  row  of  ten  papillae,  each  surmounted  by  a 
small  black  piliferous  wart,  and  terminating  in  a  fine  bristle.  The 
first  thoracic  segment  has  an  additional  row  of  papilla?,  and  each  spira- 
cle is  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  black.  Head  small,  nearly  circular, 
color  shining  black  or  very  dark  brown,  triangular  space  in  middle  and 
clypeus  brown.  The  posterior  end  of  the  body  terminates  in  a  prolog 
which  is  coucolorous  with  the  surrounding  portions  of  the  terminal 
segment.  This  is  surrounded  with  two  rows  of  black  bristles,  one 
above  and  the  other  below.  Legs  considerably  darker  than  the  neigh- 
boring portions;  sutures  and  some  other  portions  marked  with  black, 
last  joint  nearly  black.     Length,  10  mm.;  width,  3  mm. 

*  Mr.  F.  M.  Webster  lias  recorded  Portulaca  as  a  food  plant  of  this  flea-beetle  (Ent. 
News,  Vol.  V.,  p.  41,  May,  1894). 


Pit /hi.— Timi  i  i  h«'  variability  In  oolor  of  tin-  larva  ire  iroald  exp< 
similar  variation  in  the  papa.     \>  with  tin-  larva  there  are  two  p 
l**i  1 1  ground  tints*   in  one,  rose  la  tin'  prevailing  color;  in  the  other, 
somewhat  greenish  orange.     Probably  thesecolors  represent  the  simi 
lar  colors  in  the  larva,  rose  corresponding  to  red  and  orange  to  olive 
and  green.     Aside  from  oolor  the  papa  of  this  spot  bles 

thai  of  /'.  i  <iiit/i<>)nt  in  mi.  The  pink  or  rose-colored  form  of  the  papa 
lias  pearly  antennae,  elytra,  and  legs,  while  the  orange  type  lias  orange 
yellow  as  the  c<»lnr  of  the  Bame  parts.  Length,  0  8.5  mm.;  width, 
3-3.2  in  in. 

COTTON  FIELD  INSECTS. 

An  esteemed  correspondent,  Bon.  J.  I>.  Mitchell, of  Victoria,  Tex., on 

October  l.  w.»7.  set  out  three  nap  lanterns  in  a  cotton  field  near  Victoi  i;i 

tor  one  night  and    sent   us  the  insects  BO  captured.     The  object  of  the 

experiment  was  to  Bee  whether  the  Mexican  cotton-boll  weevil    Antho- 

nomua  grandis),  which  was  injurious  in  the  vicinity,  could  lie  captured 
in  this  wax.  The  results  of  the  catch  are  interesting  and  worthy  of 
record,  bat  it  must  be  premised  that  not  a  Biogle  specimen  of  Antho- 
nomus grandis  was  found  in  the  material  received. 

In  all,  the  catch  contained  24,492  specimens,  representing  approxi- 
mately 328  species,  divided  according  to  groups  as  follows: 


oup.  i  [mens.    Sp< 

Lepidoptera 

Bemiptera 

<  !oleoptora 

Nearoptera 

Dipten 

Hymenoptera 

Otthoptera 

Total 

Spiders 


Divided    according    to   habits,   whether  injurious  or   beneficial,    the 
result   was:    Injurious  species,    13,113   specimens:    beneficial    >p< 
8,262  specimens;  of  a  negative  character.  3.117. 

The  condition  of  the  material  was  very  poor,  since  the  insects 
caught  in  kerosene  oil,  and  it  was  difficult,  therefore,  to  determine  with 
accuracy  many  of  the  species. 

In  the  Coleoptera  the  occurrence  of  Balaninus  ol>t><sns  in  great  mini 
bers  (1,129  individuals)  strikes  as  as  very  unusual.  Over  a  large  part 
of  southern  Texas  this  acorn  weevil  was  very  abundant  during  Sep 
teraber.  It  was  frequently  attracted  to  light,  and  was  generally  mis 
taken  in  Texas  for  the  cotton-boll  weevil.  The  cause  tor  it-  remarkable 
abundance  can  not  be  surmised. 

Most  of  the  moths,  as  might  he  expected,  were  not  in  condition  tor 
specific  determination:  two   forms,  however,  were  readily  recognized 


7.  071 

77 

7.  659 

121 

IS 

192 

l« 

60 

i 

'_'4.  190 

328 

24,492 

86 


and  counted;  these  were  the  cotton  moth,  Aletia  argillacea,  of  which 
there  were  captured  44G  individuals  and  species  of  Anaphora,  mostly 
popeanella,  of  which  there  were  1,759.  This  latter  species  sometimes 
injures  corn.  The  remaining  species  that  will  be  mentioned  in  the  list 
it  was  impossible  to  count. 

Among  the  Heteroptera  the  false  chinch  bug,  Nysius  angustatas  (103 
specimens),  and  Calocoris  rapid  us  (165  specimens)  were  noticeably 
abundant. 

In  the  Hymenoptera  the  number  of  individuals  of  each  species  was 
not  counted  and  the  Diptera  were  not  in  proper  condition  for  identi- 
fication. 


COLEOPTERA. 


Cicindela  punctulata  Fab 

Calosoma  sayi  Dej 

Dyscliirius  abbreviates  Butz.. 

Clivina  inipressifrons  Lee 

Bernbiclium  intermedium  Kby. 

Bernbidium  versicolor  Lee 

Tacbys  pumilus  Dej 

Loxaudrus  iucens  Chd 

Badister  elegans  Lee 

Platynus  texanus  Lee 

Platynus  puuetiformis  Say 

Casnonia  pennsylvanica  Linn  . 

Galerita  atripes  Lee 

Pinacodera  platycollis  Say 

Zuphium  longicolle  Lee 

Thalpius  rufulus  Lee 

Axinopalpus  fusiceps  Lee 

Bracbinus  phseocerus  Chd 

Bracbinus  medius  Horn 


3 

1 
1 
7 
58 
3 
8 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
5 
3 


Stenomorpbus  runpes  Lee 108 

Discoderus  iuipotens  Lee 2 

Harpalus  caliginosus  Fab 1 

Harpalus  pennsylvanicus  DeG 89 

Harpalus  gravis  Lee 5200 

Selenopborus  fatuus  Lee 

Selenopborns  opalinus  Lee 

Selenopborus  subtinctus  Lee 

Stenolopbus  dissimilis  Dej 

Brady cellus  rupestris  Say 

Anisodactylus  maculicornis  Chd. . 

Anisodactylus  agilis  Dej 

Haliplus  lewisii  Cr 

Laccopbilus  4-lineatus  Horn 

Bidessus  pullus  Lee 

Gyrinus  parous  Say 

Hydrocbus  vagus  Lee 

Tropisternus  nimbatus  Say 

Berosus  immaculatus  Z 

Berosus  exiguus  Say 

Berosus  striatus  Say 

Pbilbydrus  nebulosus  Say 


1 
1 
2 
5 
23 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
3 
1 
6 


Pbilbydrus  perplexus  Lee 

Bryaxis  illinoiensis  Brend.  ? 

Decartbron  sp 

Myrniedonia  n.  sp 

Pbilontbus  alumnus  Fr 

Cryptobium  texanus  Lee 

Latbrobium  longiusculum  Gr 

Latbrobium  collare  Fr 

Dacnocbilus  angularis  Fr 

Paederus  floridanus  Aust 

Ercbomus  bnevis  Lee 

Bledius  seniiferrugineus  Lee.  ?  ... 

Bledius  nitidicollis  Lee 

Oyxtelus  sculptus  Gr 

Trogopbbeus  texanus  Casey 

Trogopbkeus  bilineatus  *S'^.  ? 

Pbalacrus  simplex  Lee 

Acylomus  calcaratus  Casey 

Syncbita  fuliginosa  Mehh 

Cathartus  gemellatus  Duv 

Tomarus  acutus  Beit , 

Typhsea  fumata  Linn 

Conotelus  stenoides  Murr 

Corticaria  simplex  Lee 

Pelonomus  obscurus  Lee 

Elmis  ferrugineus  Horn 

Heteiocerus  gemmatus  Horn 

Anelastes  drurii  Kb y 

Agrypnus  scbottii  Lee 

Monocrepidius  vespertinus  Fab.. 

Drasterius  amabilis  Lee 

Iscbiodontus  soleatus  Say 

Ludius  hepaticus  Germ 

Melanotus  fissilis  Say 

Pyractomena  borealis  Band 

Pbotinus  linellus  Lee 

Lobetus  abdominalis  Lee 

Ortbopleura  texana  Lee 

Hemiptycbus  punctulatus  Lee.  ? 

Hemiptycbus  gravis  Lee.  * 

Sinoxylon  texanum  Horn 


1 

5 
1 

21 

51 
2 
4 

18 
1 
3 
9 
2 
1 
1 
2 
3 
7 
2 
1 

32 
2 
8 
7 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
6 
3 
1 
1 
9 

47 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


81 


Cnl.KOlTKKA      contiiiiiml, 


;il^  alttlit  us   ll(il,l 

Ata  Bias  Bgnratoi  //<«/. . 
At. i -lniis  oognatna  l  < ■       . . 

Aphodiua  sp 

Aphodiua  In  idol 

<  >t- li t »* l . i  us  frontalis  Lee    

1     olo  ephala  sp 

;  iih  rugioepe  Lee 

LeptoatyliiB  bioa 

Pachj  brachj  a  abdominal 

M  \  i    broua  denticollia  Say 

Diabrol  i<  a  L2-ponctata  "/ 

I  tiabrotica  balteata  I  <  •    

1  tiabrotica  \  ittata  Fab 

Haiti,  a  ignita  III 

a  ta niata  Say 

Glyptina  atriventria  Horn 

I'lus  Bmbriatus  Cay 

Blapstinus  pratenaia  Lee 

Tribolinm  ferrnginenm  Fab 

Afeneceus  fcexanua  (  'hamp 

( txacia  can  a  Lee 

Anaspia  rnfa  Say 


10 

l 
1 1 

9 

l 
l 
l 
l 
ll 


Mordelliateua  uubila  / 1  • 

i  !li-t.  m.i  puHtnlatu 
Mnnli -Hi-:  • 

mill  ina   Fab     . 
NotOXUfl  e.  ileal  at  us  // 

i us  monodon  Fab . 

A ii t li it  us  floralia  /  

Ami lii<  us  \  icinua  Lmf .... 

Anthicua  ap 

Ami  biona  ap 

Anthicua  ephippial at  /.-  ) 

Ant  biona  inhi  

V\  rota  terminate  Lee  

Epi<  auta  lemniecata  Fab 

Ifacropa  obacurellna  THeiz  .... 

Ma.  ropa  h Mini  I  is  Gyllk 

l'acli\  phatiea  diacoidena  I 

Endalua  Beto8na  Lee 

Endalua  aeratua  Lee 

Conotrachelna  naao  Lee 

Balaninna  obtnaua  Blanch 

Tomiona  pini  Say 


u 
190 

7 

1 
1 


1129 

1 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


Aletia  argillacea 

Anaphora  Bpp.  I  mostly  popeanelia) 

Hypoprepia  fnacoaa  Hbn  

( !istbene  nnifaacia  Gr.  &  I! 

Kucliaits  murina  Stretch 

( >eta  anrea  Fitch 

Hyphantria  cum  a  Dry 

Enbaphe  brevioornia  Walk 

Enbaphe  ferruginosa  Walk 

Exyra  semicrocea  Gn 

Matigramma  lsena  Hare 

Draateria  erechtea  Cram 

Prothymia  orgy  i  a-  Gri 

Spragneia  guttata  Gri 

Acoutia  lactipennia  Hart 

Acontia  aprica  Hbn 

Schinia  regia  Strk 

Schiuia  chrvsellus  Gri 


l  lii     Plagiomimicna  pityochromna  Grt. 

1759     Baailodea  chryaopia  Gri 

Chytoryza  orbica  Morr 

Lencania  adonea  Grt.  (?) 

Xoiopsis  hieroglyphioa  Hbn 

Monodea  nudicolora  Gn 

Laphygma  frugiperda  S.  &  A 

Caradrina  flavimacnlata  Harv.   .. 

1  [asmatopaia  grataria  Fab 

Fernaldella  fimetaria  G.  &  /.' 

Tornia  acolopacinaria  an 

Macaria  a-aignata  Pack 

Stenaapilatea  meakearia  Hulet. ... 

Hymenia  perapectalia  Hbn 

Loxoetege  helvialia  Walk 

Titanio  nucbalia  Grt 

Euchromiua  ocellus  Haw 

Argyria  nivalla  Dry 


noMoi'i  i  i;  \ 


Cixius  stigmarticua  Say 92 

Oliariua  Bp 11 

Fnlgorid  (gen.  ?) 299 


Delphax  ap 

Delphacid  (gen. ) 

Delphacid  (gen.) 

Delphacid  (gen.) 

Diedrocepliala  mollipea  Say. 


21 
L95 


<  rypona  sp 

<  rypona  sp 

Diedrocephaki  ap 

Tett  igonia  Bp 

Platymetopinaap 

Eutettix  Bp 

Deltocephalua  harrisii  Fitch 
Idiocerua  Bp 


1 
•> 

: 
l 
l 
3 


88 


homoptera — continued. 


Phlepsius  excultus   Uh  I . 

Phlepsius  spatulatus  Van  D. 

Scapboideus  sp 

Chlorotettix  sp 


Limotettix  exitiosa  Uhl  . . 

Typhlocyba  sp 

Cicadula  sp 

Undetermined  (10  species) 


HETEROPTERA. 


Cyrtmnenus  mirabilis  Perty 4 

Cydnus  obliquus  Uhl 1 

Ainnestes  pusillus  Uhl 138 

Thy antha  custator  Fabr 4 

Harmostes  retlexulus  Stal 5 

Corizussp 9 

Nysius  angustatus  Uhl 103 

Nysius  pravidus  Uhl 1 

Myodocha  serripes  Oliv 2 

Pamera  bilobata  Say 185 

Pamera  basalis  Dall 4 

Pamera  curvipes  Stal 3 

F  amera  sp 1 

Heroeus  plebejus  Stal 6 

Ptochiomera  formosa  Dist 1, 108 

Microtoma  (  ?)  sp 7 

Dolichmerus  sp 38 

Anthocorid  ( Bracby steles  ?) 907 

Anthocorid  ( Lasiochilus ?) 1 

Anthocorid  (gen.  ?) 1 

Coriscus  sp 2 

Trigonotylus  ruficornis  Fall 7 


Resthenia  rubrovittata  Sta I 

Calocoris  rapidus  Say 

Megaccelum  catulum  Uhl 

Megaccelum  (  ?)  sp 

Lygussp 

Lygus  sp , 

Pcecilocapsus  intermedins  Uhl  ... 

Pcecilocyrtus  ( f )  sp 

Camptobrochis  sp 

Capsus  sp 

Psallns  sp 

Episcopus  ornatus  Uhl 

Episcopus  (  ?)  sp 

Melinna  sp 

Melinna  ( ?)  sp 

Capsid  (gen.  ?) 

Spilalonius  geniculatus  Stal 

Pnirontis  infirma  Sta  I 

Pnirontis  sp 

Oncerotrachelus  acuminatus  Say. 

Corisa  sp 

Corisa  sp 


595 
220 
237 
604 


6 

165 

1 

1 

127 

1 

25 

4 

1 

14 

30 

12 

2 

464 

1 

8 

10 

2 

7 

6 

7 

148 


HYMEXOPTERA. 


Megachile  exilis  Cr 

Photopsis  belfragei  Blake 

Labidus  harrisii  Hald 

Sysphincta  melina  Bog 

Isobrachium  rufiventris  Ashm 

Porizon  facialis  Cr 

Paniscus  geminatus  Say 

Paniscus  texanus  Ashm 

Ophiou  bilineatus  Say 


Enicospelus  purgatus  Say . 
Rhogas  parasiticus  Say  ... 

Ehogas  graphicus  Cr 

Ehogas  atricornis  Cr 

Opius  sp 

Blacus  sp 

Chelonus  sp 

Zele  melleus  Cr 

Meteorus  vulgaris  Cr 


XEUROPTERA. 


Leptocerida1  or  caddice-fiies  (sev-  Chrysopa  spp  . 

eral  species) ., 658     Mynneleonidae 

Ephemerida3  or  May-flies  (two  spe-  Termite 

cies) 57 


ORTHOPTERA. 


Gryllus  sp 

Nemobius  sp  . 
(Ecanthus  sp. 
Xiphidium  sp 


37  Spharagemon  sp 

15  Oligonyx  sp 

1  Undetermined  cricket 

1 


22 
10 

2 


ARACHNID  A. 


Plectana  stellata  Htz 


VERA!  not; 

tin:    INTRODUCTION    01     iumimi.m      LADYBIRDS    PROM     m      m:\i.ia 

INTO    INDIA. 

Encouraged  i>\  the  favorable  results  which  have  followed  the  intro 
ductiou  of  certain  beneficial  ladybirds  from  Australia  into  California 
and  later  Into  Hawaii,  the  United  Planters' Association  of  Southern 
India,  an  organization  composed  chiefly  of  tea  and  coffee  growers, 
raised  a  fund  late  in  L897,  amounting  to  something  over  7,500  rupees 
approximately  13,000  .  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  effoii  to  introduce 
beneficial  insects  from  Australia  winch  should  advantage  their  plants 

tUNlS. 

Mr.  Howard  <>.  Newport,  himself  a  planter,  was  commissioned  by 
the  secretary  of  the  association  earlj  in  January,  1898,  to  proceed  to 

Australia  and  t<»  place  himself  in  relations  with  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  of  Queensland  ami  to  make  every  effort  to  bring  over  t" 

India  living  specimens  of  desirable  species.  .Mr.  Newport  sailed  on  the 
."10th  of  January  and  returned  on  the  20th  of  dune.  His  report,  which 
is  published  in  a  journal  called  Planting  Opinion  of  tin-  10th  of  duly, 
indicates  that  lie  went  about  his  work  in  a  very  intelligent  and  pains- 
taking manner,  that  he  had  the  hearty  cooperation  of  the  authorities 
of  the  department  of  agriculture  at  Brisbane,  and  especially  the  expert 
advice  and  assistance  of  the  well-known  entomologist,  Mr.  Henry  Tryon. 
He  collected  2,540  specimens  of  Ovens  australasice,  1,500  Cryptolwmus 
montrouzieri,  and  246  Rhizobius  ventralis;  in  all.  some  4.300  odd  insects. 
A  special  ice  box  was  constructed  and  the  journey  was  made  without 
mishap,  oi>  days  elapsing  from  the  day  the  last  insects  were  placed  in 
the  box  until  the  time  of  opening.  The  insects  were  kept  at  a  reason- 
ably uniform  temperature  of  about  25°  F.,  but  when  the  box  was  opened 
the  insects,  although  appearing  fresh,  were  without  exception  dead. 
The  expenses  of  the  trip  amounted  to  about  81,600. 

Not  discouraged  by  this  unfortunate  result,  the  association  at  latest 
advices  intends  to  try  it  again.  They  have  not.  we  understand,  met 
with  encouragement  at  the  hands  of  the  Indian  government,  and  the 
venture  is  purely  a  private  one.  It  would  not  be  at  all  surprising  if 
the  effort  should  eventually  succeed. 

Theoretically.  Australian  ladybirds  should  flourish  better  in  Southern 
India  than  in  California,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  Rhizobius  ventralis 
will  feed  with  avidity  upon  the  Lecanium  scales  which  affect  the  coffee 
and  tea  plants.  The  writer  is  inclined  to  believe  that  it  will  not  be 
found  necessary  to  go  to  the  expense  of  keeping  the  insects  on  ice  for 
a  thirty  days'  journey,  even  in  a  tropical  region.  With  plenty  of  food 
and  a  comparatively  small  number  of  ladybirds  in  all  stages  of  exist- 
ence there  is  no  reason  why  the  insect  should  not  breed  during  the 
entire  journey.     They  have  been  sent  in  this  way  successfully  in  mid- 


90 

summer  on  a  twenty-five  days7  journey  from  San  Francisco  to  Portugal, 
and  should  certainly  survive  the  trip  from  Sydney  to  Colombo  in  the 
same  way. 

THE   SUGAR-CANE  BORERS   OF   THE  MASCARENE  ISLANDS. 

M.  Edmond  Bordage,  director  of  the  museum  of  the  island  of  Ke- 
uuion,  has  recently  published  in  the  Revue  Agricole,  Saint-Denis,  April, 
1897,  and  in  the  Oomptes  Bendus  des  Seances  de  l'Academie  des 
Sciences  for  December,  1897,  important  papers  upon  the  sugar-cane 
borers  of  Reunion  and  .Mauritius.  In  his  last  paper  he  shows  that 
Diatrcea  striatalis  was  introduced  from  Ceylon  into  Mauritius  in  1848  in 
cane  imported  by  Sir  William  Gomm.  The  cane  was  known  to  be 
infested  and  was  destroyed  shortly  after  being  taken  from  the  vessel, 
but  the  insects  escaped.  In  1862  it  was  again  imported  in  cane  brought 
in  from  Java.  Sesamia  nonagrioidcs  var.  albiciliata,  a  species  which 
lives  ordinarily  in  young  sugar  cane  and  which  occurs  also  in  Algeria 
in  sorghum  and  in  maize,  was  introduced  into  the  Mascareues  at  some 
period  between  1858  and  1861  from  Java  and  was  afterwards  carried  to 
Madagascar.  He  shows  that  Guenee's  Borer  saccharellus  is  not  the 
Pyralis  saccharalis  of  Fabricius,  but  must  be  considered  as  a  synonym 
of  Proceras  sacchariphagus  Bojer.  Diatrcea  striatalis  Snellen  is  another 
synonym  of  the  same  insect.  He  further  shows  that  Proceras  sacchari- 
phagus is  an  oriental  species,  being  found  in  India,  Ceylon,  Java, 
Sumatra,  in  the  Mascareues  (Bourbon  and  Mauritius)  and  in  Mada- 
gascar; while  Diatrwa  saccharalis  is  a  neotropical  form  occurring  in 
Guiana,  the  West  Indies,  and  tropical  America  generally,  having  also 
extended  its  range  northward  into  the  United  States. 

NOTES  ON  TICKS. 

The  following  account  of  observations  on  the  effects  of  the  bite  of 
Ornithodorus  americana  %  seems  to  me  to  throw  some  light  on  the  con- 
flicting statements  regarding  the  bite  of  the  reputed  Argas  persicus. 
From  the  observations  of  my  correspondent,  Mr.  B.  A.  Plaskett,  who 
resides  in  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  in  a  district  infested  by  this  very 
local  Arachnid,  it  appears  that  horses,  which  are  generally  bitten  just 
above  the  hoof,  seem  not  to  suffer.  The  Argas  drinks  only  from  three 
to  rive  minutes  and  then  drops  without  leaving  a  swelling.  This  is 
unlike  the  habit  of  the  Ixodes  and  Trombidium,  which  will  suck  for  a 
day  or  two,  frequently  causing  swelling  and  suppuration.  Generally 
these  are  supposed  to  be  the  effect  of  methods  used  to  extract  the 
insect,  but  occasionally  they  occur  after  the  insect  has  left  of  its  own 
free  will,  having  satisfied  its  appetite. 

Another  distinguishing  characteristic  in  the  habits  of  this  insect  is 
its  dislike  of  green  vegetation.  It  is  always  found  on  the  top  of  dry, 
leatless  twigs  or  in  dust,  never  amidst  foliage  as  are  Trombidium  and 
Ixodes  j  but  this  part  of  my  friend's  observations  has  to  be  taken  cum 


91 

granc  tali*,  as  he  La  not  an  experience!  entomologist,  and  amid 
foliage  ii  is  not  bo  easj  to  disoovei  .1  dust  col  lien  n  1 

lated   on  the  top  of  ;i  drj    twig,  whence  it   lets  itself  do wu  <m  the 
passer  bj . 

A>  to  the  effect  of  the  bite  <>f  this  sp<  tinman  beinj  mp 

tome  vary;  also  the  time  of  suction  following  the  bite.  The  effect 
seems  to  depend  cbietij  ou  the  peculiar  temperament  of  the  victim. 
This  seems  to  be  the  case  also  wheu  we  take  into  consideration  the  com- 
parative iin in  11 11 1  tics  and  receptivities  iu  regard  to  the  bin-  <»i  icanthia 
[Cimex)  Icctularia)  Reduvius,  and  of  the  different  Gulicictac.  Mr.  1:.  \. 
Plaskett  has  been  bitten  thrice,  and  in  each  case  twenty  four  boura 
intervened  before  fever  and  swelling  set  in.  The  numbness  <>f  the  i»ii 
ten  parts,  which  Is  a  characteristic  following  the  bite  of  Arachnid  and 
Myriopod,  and  also  of  Borne  Bymenopterous  Btings,  was  not  noticed  in 
a  single  instance. 

These  observations  agree  very  well  with  the  facts  that  are  in  our  pos- 
session relative  to  t  lie  symptoms  attendant  upon  t  lie  bite  of  the  Axgas; 
at  the  same  time  they  explain  the  discrepancies  in  statements  of  the 
effect  of  the  bite  of  the  dreaded  Argas persicus,  which  seems  to  be  as 
local  as  our  California  insect. 

The  fatal  cases  of  the  l  rgas  pi  rsicus  bite,  mentioned  by  old  I  [erodotus 
and  by  Pallas  in  modern  times,  may  have  their  origin  in  malarious 
fevers  which  were  very  common  in  that  district  of  tin-  Persian  province 
Ghilan,  between  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Elbruz  .Mountain,  where  the 
Argas  is  found.  The  bite  of  the  insect  is  probably  only  a  coincidence, 
of  course  not  favorable  to  the  condition  of  a  patient  already  weakened 
by  malaria.  Here  in  California  we  have  had  to  face  an  analogous  error 
in  regard  to  the  fatal  effects  of  Rhus  diversiloba.  All  the  fatal  cases 
were  malaria  patients  who  had  been  sick  for  a  considerable  time  before 
they  came  in  contact  with  the  Khus. 

As  to  the  Argas  persicus,  even  if  its  bite  is  not  fatal,  the  consequences 
in  some  cases  must  be  serious  enough  to  induce  the  inhabitants  of 
Persian  villages  to  change  the  location  of  their  settlements,  as  is  men- 
tioned in  Kot/ebiie's  report  of  his  travels  through  Ghilan.  At  the 
same  time  this  change  of  location  is  another  proof  of  the  very  local  dis- 
tribution of  Argas  persicus.  Argas  eolumbee  of  Europe  and  the  species 
of  our  own  Santa  Lucia  .Mountains  are  likewise  restricted  to  limited 
areas. 

Our  Santa  Lucia  species  seems  to  be  both  diurnal  and  nocturnal. 
The  Argas  rolumba'  of  Europe  is  nocturnal,  and  its  habits  closely 
resemble  the  common  bedbug.  The  local  name  of  our  <  lalifornia  species 
is  "  Pajaronela,"  a  word  evidently  derived  from  the  Spanish  "Pajaro," 
a  bird,  and  it  would  indicate  to  me  a  similar  mode  of  life  to  that  of 
Argas  eolumbee,  wen1  not  the  statements  of  Mr.  Plaskett,  founded  on 
repeated  observations  of  this  locally  very  common  insect,  diametrically 
opposed  to  such  a  supposition. 


92 

I  hope  that  the  publication  of  these  statements  will  excite  some  inter- 
est among  practical  students  of  entomology  and  lead  to  a  closer  study 
of  those  species  which  interfere  with  the  well-being  of  our  own  kind. 
It  may  be  that  a  closer  study  of  the  facts  will  furnish  data  that  will 
explain  why  the  sting  of  an  insect  which  in  some  instances  is  followed 
by  serious  consequences,  is  in  others  perfectly  harmless. 

Such  data  might  throw  some  light  on  the  mysterious  play  of  idiosyn- 
crasies.— H.  H.  Behr,  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco, 
Cat. 

AN  INVASION   OF   THE   LARGER  DIGGER  WASP. 

August  8,  1898,  Messrs.  Gudewill  &  Bucknall,  of  New  York  City, 
sent  specimens  of  the  so-called  larger  digger  wasp  (Megastizus  specio- 
sus),  the  well-known  enemy  of  the  dog-day  harvest  fly  or  cicada,  with 
the  accompanying  report  that  this  insect  had  appeared  at  Tarry  town - 
on-the  Dudson  a  few  weeks  previously  and  had  taken  complete  posses- 
sion of  a  large  croquet  lawn,  a  bank  alongside  of  it,  and  a  long  piece 
of  gravel  path.  They  had  become  a  nuisance  through  their  habit  of 
excavating  their  burrows  and  throwing  loose  earth  into  large  piles, 
described  as  being  the  size  of  a  soup  plate.  Inquiry  was  made  as  to 
whether  the  sting  of  the  insect  was  dangerous,  and  instructions  were 
sought  for  the  extermination  of  the  insect  in  the  places  which  it  had 
invaded. 

This  wasp  had  never  been  observed  in  that  vicinity  prior  to  this  year. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  learn  if  it  will  obtain  permanent  lodgment  in 
a  locality  so  much  farther  north  than  is  usually  inhabited  by  the  spe- 
cies. It  is  a  well-known  insect  in  certain  of  the  public  parks  of  New 
York  City,  and  it  is  common  also  in  some  places  on  Long  Island,  but 
we  have  no  available  records  of  its  common  occurrence  farther  north 
than  this. 

RECENT   INJURY  BY  THE   SUGAR-CANE   BEETLE   AND  RELATED 

SPECIES. 

During  the  last  two  years,  and  particularly  during  the  year  1898, 
extensive  injury  has  been  reported  to  the  corn  and  rice  fields  of  the 
South  by  the  sugar-cane  beetle,  Ligyrus  rugiceps  Lee,  and  the  related 
species,  L.  gibbosus  DeG. 

May  18, 1897,  Mr.  G.  G.  Gray  sent  specimens  of  the  sugar-cane  beetle 
from  Poolville,  Union  County,  Miss.,  with  the  accompanying  informa- 
tion that  this  insect  was  rooting  up  and  destroying  the  corn  in  that 
vicinity. 

June  23  of  the  same  year  Mr.  John  Duncan,  Louisville,  Ky.,  wrote 
that  this  species,  specimens  of  which  accompanied  his  letter,  and  which 
were  received  by  him  from  Arkansas,  exact  locality  not  stated,  "cuts 
the  corn  off  just  below  the  top  of  the  ground  and  is  very  destructive  to 
young  corn  from  the  time  it  comes  up  until  it  is  knee-high." 


M.i\  20,  ivis.  wmi.i  was  recivtMl  Iroin  Mr.  Sarold  W,  Priug,  Hester, 
La.,  thai  this  species  was  doing  considerable  damage  to  ntubble  eaue 

in  that  \  leinit  \ . 

\  Bimilar  letter  iras  received  from  Mr.  I  .  M.  R  cbardsou,  Millhaveu 
Ouachita  Parish,  La.,  with  complaint  of  the  destruction  to  corn  In  thai 
parish,  the  letter  being  dated  Ma}  22. 

November  i,  1898,  Mi.  Eteue  L  Derouen,  \  ille  Platte,  La.,  *  nt  speci 
mens  of  this  Bpecies,  with  report  that  it  was  verj  destructive  to  rfce 
and  corn  crops  of  that  vicinity,  attacking  the  plants  when  vet}  young. 

The  Bpecies  has  been  treated  Bomewhal  full)  in  the  Report  of  the 
Entomologist  of  this  Department  for  the  year  L881  pp.  L28,  L29  .  and 
in  Volume  l  of  Insect  Life   pp.  11,  12  . 

The  related  species.  /..  aihbnsiis.  was  received  Ma\  9,  L898,  from  Mi. 
doc  Ha vcn port,  who  wrote  that  it  was  playing  great  havoc  with  stands 
of  corn  in  the  vicinity  of  Merrouge,  La.    The  beetles  were  stated  by 

Our  correspondent  to  go  down  under  the  surface  of  the  earth  and  com- 
pletely shred  the  cornstalks  between  the  surface  and  the  roots. 

A  singular  instance  of  injury  by  this  latter  species  was  reported  Sep- 
tembei  23  of  the  same  year  by  Mr.  B.  M.  Vaughan,  Grand  Rapids,  Wis. 
The  beetles  were  Stated  to  be  working  into  carrot  roots  and  also  into 
the  tubers  of  dahlias. 

A  NEW    ENEMY   TO   THE   GRAPEVINE    IN   MEXICO. 

Under  date  of  July  1,  L898,  Mr.  L.  de  Balestrier,  of  the  editorial 
corps  of  the  Progreso  de  Mexico,  published  at  Mexico  City,  sent 
specimens  of  the  long  horned  beetle,  Heterachthes  ceneolus  Bates,  in  its 
various  stages,  with  report  that  the  species  is  causing  damage  to  the 
vineyards  of  San  Luis  de  la  Paz,  in  the  State  of  Guanajuato.  I>r. 
Larragosa,  who  Bent  the  specimens  to  Mr.  de  Balestrier,  wrote  of  the 
species  as  follows : 

The  perfect  insect,  and  also  the  papa,  arc  generally  found  lodged  in  the  woody 
portions  or  in  the  medullar  canal.  It  appears  that  the  female  deposits  her  egys 
beneath  the  bark,  and  the  larva,  naving  once  iorcert  and  gained  sonic  si/e.  opens  a 
gallery  at  the  expense  of  the  internal  layers  of  the  hark  and  the  external  layers  of 
wood,  reaching  the  center  of  the  grape  shoot,  where  it  remains  until  it  terminates 
its  metamorphoses.  All  of  the  plants  attacked  perish.  The  rapidity  with  which 
the  larva'  bore  tin- wood  is  remarkable,  for  one  that  I  observed  advanced  in  two 
hours  one  centimeter. 

WESTWARD    SPREAD    OF    THE    COMMON   ASPAKAOI  s    BEETLE. 

April  23,  1898,  Mr.  L.  R.  Taft,  horticulturist  of  the  Michigan  Agri 
cultural  College  Experiment  Station,  wrote  that  he  had  received  from 
Benton  Harbor,   Berrien  County,  that  State,  the   asparagus  beetle, 

Crioceris  <(sp<tr<t</i.  In  response  to  request,  specimens  of  the  insect 
were  sent  to  this  oftice  with  the  additional  information  that  they  were 
received  from  Mr.  A.  J.  Kniseley.  and  that  it  was  a  matter  of  considerable 

importance,  as  Benton  Harbor  and  her  sister  city  St.  Joseph  grow  large 


94 

quantities  of  asparagus  for  the  Chicago  market.  In  Bulletin  No.  160 
of  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station,  published.  June,  1898  (page  428), 
Mr.  R.  H.  Pettit,  Assistant  Entomologist,  records  the  appearance  of 
this  insect  in  Berrien  County,  stating,  that  several  complaints  of  its 
presence  and.  injury  were  received  from  that  district. 

This  is  the  first  instance  of  the  occurrence  of  this  insect  in  Michigan, 
and,  in  fact,  of  its  occurrence  west  of  the  vicinity  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  if 
we  except  its  reported  occurrence  in  Chicago  many  years  ago.  It  was 
anticipated  that  this  insect  would  spread  by  natural  means  through 
Upper  Austral  territory  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  it  was  something  of 
a  surprise  to  learn  that  it  had  reached  Berrien  County,  which  is  located 
in  what  has  been  considered  the  Transition  life  zone.  This  county  is  in 
reality  upon  the  border  line  of  what  we  know  to  be  Upper  Austral 
territory. 

It  is  somewhat  surprising  that  the  species  has  not  been  reported  as 
injurious  at  points  intermediate  between  the  vicinity  of  Cleveland  and 
Berrien  County,  Mich. 

It  would  now  seem  but  a  matter  of  a  few  years  before  this  species 
will  be  well  distributed  throughout  the  neighboring  Western  States 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  at  least  in  such  States  as  include  in  their 
territory  part  of  the  Upper  Austral  life  zone. 

BIOLOGIC   NOTE    ON   CONOTRACHELUS   ELEGANS   SAY. 

During  August,  1897,  Mr.  F.  C.  Pratt  and  the  writer,  while  digging 
about  the  roots  of  certain  cultivated  and.  allied  plants  for  different 
species  of  injurious  root-feeding  larva?,  had  occasion  to  pull  up  several 
plants  of  the  rough  pigweed,  Amaranthus  retroflexus,  and  in  the  first  of 
these  found  numerous  larva?  and  pupa?  of  the  above-mentioned  species 
in  the  earth  about  the  stems.  The  larva?  live  upon  the  underground 
steins,  and  in  two  localities  in  Maryland  that  were  visited  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  Amaranthus  examined  was  infested.  Larva?  were  most 
numerous  on  mature  plants  within  an  inch  or  two  of  the  surface,  and. 
the  stems  were  considerably  eroded  where  the  larva?  were  at  work. 
About  a  dozen  or  so  individuals  usually  comprised  the  colony  about 
each  plant. 

The  first  larva?  transformed  to  pupa?  August  11  and  the  first  imago 
appeared  on  the  18th,  having  passed  six  and  one-half  days  in  the  pupal 
condition.  Larva?  and  pupa?,  as  would  naturally  be  inferred,  very  closely 
resemble  those  of  our  common  Conotrachelus  nen  uphar.  A  cell  is  formed 
for  the  pupa,  but  this  was  of  such  rude  construction  that  it  was  not 
often  noticed. 

In  Bulletin  No.  7,  United  States  Entomological  Commission  (p.  83), 
Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  writes  of  C.  elegans,  which  he  calls  the  pig-nut  leaf- 
weevil:  "We  have  observed  this  weevil  at  Providence  (R.  I.)  busily 
engaged  the  last  of  May  laying  its  eggs  in  the  partly  rolled- up  leaves 


of  th6 pig-nut  oickorj    Cavyapon    ■■<  ,  and, during  the  process,  cutting 
off  the  leaves,  which  hang  down,  wither,  and  turn  black."    This] 
graph  is  copied  substantially  in  tin*  fifth  report  of  the  Commission. 
The  late  Dr.  John  Hamilton  has  also  placed  liickorj  <»n  record 
food  plant  ot'tlus  species.     Mr   Rays:  "Common  <>n  hickory,  on  the 
leaves  of  which  the  larva:  li\  •  t.Soc,  Vol. XXII, p. 

The  writer  has  beaten  this  species  from  hickory  at  Ithaca,  V  \ ..  \u 
July.  The  beetles  have  been  collected  about  Washington  late  iu  Ma} 
and  early  in  June. — F,  II.  Clin  I  ENDBN. 

v    m:\\    SUGAR  BEE1    BEETLE. 

Under  date  of  January  I.  1898,  Mi.  Benry  0.  Barron,  of  EJagenuan, 
N.  Ilex.,  sent  specimens  of  the  little  leaf- beetle.  Monoi  iapunctieollu 
with  the  statement  that  it  was  doing  serious  injury  to  the  sugar-beet 
crop  in  his  locality,  [ts  presence  was  not  noticed  until  the  year  1897. 
A  tew  of  the  beetles,  locally  known  as  the  "  French  bug,"  were  found  on 
the  date  given  by  digging  in  the  earth  by  the  side  of  a  beet  to  the  depth 
of  about  six  inches.  Neither  eggs  nor  larva-  were  to  be  found  at  this 
time.  Our  correspondent  states  that  the  beetles  lay  their  eggs  on  the 
underside  of  a  leaf,  that  they  hatch  in  about  six  days,  and  that  the 
young  larva-  commence  feeding  at  once  and  continue  for  nine  or  ten 
days,  when  they  dig  their  way  into  the  ground,  and.  a  few  days  later, 
come  forth  as  beetles. 

Tlie  principal  damage  is  by  the  larvae,  hundreds  being  found  on  a 
single  small  plant,  which  is  either  consumed  or  is  apparently  so  injured 
that  it  shrivels  and  dies.  This  beetle  is  a  maritime  species,  occurring 
near  the  seashore  and  in  saline  localities.  It  is  known  from  Massachu- 
setts to  Florida  on  tin1  Atlantic  coast,  as  well  as  in  California.  Colorado. 
Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas.  Until  the  appearance  of  Dr.  Horn's 
Synopsis  of  the  Galerucini,  published  in  1893,  this  species  was  repre 
sented  in  collections  under  the  name  of  Galeruca  maritima.  According 
to  Horn,  morosa  Lee.  and  erosa  Lee.  are  synonyms  of  the  same  species, 
and  the  first  description  of  tins  insect  was  published  by  Say  in  1  82  1 
(Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Vol.  HI., p. 458;  Lee,  ed.  II.  p.  222  .  as  GaL 
leruca puncticollis,  from  Mississippi  and  Arkansas. 

This  is  the  first  instance  of  this  insect  having  been  found  upon  any 
cultivated  plant,  and.  so  far  as  at  present  known,  nothing  has  yet  been 
published  concerning  its  larval  food  plant.  Mr.  Schwarz,  of  this  Divi- 
sion, has  found  it  living  in  its  larval  stage  upon  the  sea  blite,  Succda 
linearis^  maritime  species,  like  the  insect,  and  a  member  of  the  family 
Phytolaccaceae.  A  congeneric  species,  Monoxia  guttulata,  was  repo 
injurious  to  the  sugar  beet  in  Oregon  in  1890,  and  was  made  tin' subject 
of  a  special  note  by  Mr.  F.  L.  Washburn,  in  Bulletin  No.  1  1  of  the 
Oregon  Agricultural  Experiment  Station — F.  II.  C. 


96 

A   LEAF-BEETLE   INJURIOUS   TO    CULTIVATED   SUNFLOWER. 

August  14,  1898,  Mr.  M.  J.  Furlong  sent  to  this  office  specimens  of 
larvae  and  adults  of  the  leaf-beetle,  Chrysomela  (Zygogramma)  exclama- 
tionis  Fab.,  with  information  that  it  was  doing  injury  to  cultivated 
sunflower  at  Fisher,  Minn. 

August  25,  our  correspondent,  in  response  to  request,  made  another 
sending  of  the  insect,  with  the  statement  that  it  was  also  found  on  sun- 
flower at  the  Minnesota  Subexperiment  Station  at  Crookston  about  two 
weeks  previous  to  this  writing.  At  this  place  it  was  controlled  by  hand- 
picking.  It  was  anticipated  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  " fight"  the 
insect  at  Fisher  early  next  year  if  it  should  reappear  at  that  place. 
The  beetles  went  into  the  earth  as  soon  as  received,  although  larvae 
were  still  living  at  the  time. 

I  am  unable  to  find  any  reference  to  the  habits  of  this  species  in  any 
of  the  literature  which  I  have  consulted.  Among  the  notes  of  the  late 
Dr.  Riley,  however,  I  find  that  it  was  taken  commonly  in  the  larval  and 
adult  conditions  on  wild  sunflower  all  through  Texas,  Indian  Territory, 
Kansas,  and  Colorado.  Larvae  of  all  stages  were  observed  during 
August,  1873,  always  crowding  head  downward  between  the  leaves 
when  at  rest,  while  the  beetles  were  just  coming  out  of  the  ground  at 
this  time.  Dr.  Eiley  also  took  larvae  and  beetles  at  Greeley,  Colo  ,  in 
July,  1877. 

In  the  writer's  collection,  this  species  is  represented  also  from  Mon- 
tana and  New  Mexico,  and  it  is  recorded  from  Arizona.— F.  H.  C. 

RECENT   INJURY   BY   BARK-BEETLES— A   CORRECTION. 

During  the  past  two  years  much  injury  has  been  reported  by  bark- 
beetles  of  the  genus  Dendroctonus  to  pine  and  other  coniferous  forest 
trees  in  different  parts  of  the  Northern  States,  from  New  England  to 
Montana.  Notice  of  injury  by  Dendroctonus  rufipennis  in  New  Hamp- 
shire was  published  in  Bulletin  10,  n.  s.,  of  this  Division  (p.v  98),  and 
was  again  referred  to  in  Bulletin  17  (pp.  07-69),  the  identification  of 
D.  rufipennis  having  been  attributed  to  the  writer. 

On  looking  through  our  Division  records,  I  find  that  this  is  an  error, 
as  the  bark-beetles  seen  by  me  from  the  infested  locality  were  of  a  dif- 
ferent species.  This  species  was  received  from  West  Stewartstown,  N. 
H.,  July  28,  1897 ;  while  that  identified  as  rufipennis  was  from  Cole- 
grove,  N.  H.,  June  5,  of  the  same  year.  The  question  of  the  identity 
of  the  species  of  Dendroctonus  concerned  in  this  damage  is  now  receiv- 
ing attention  at  the  hands  of  Dr.  A.  D.  Hopkins,  and  until  further 
study  is  made  of  the  matter  it  will  be  premature  to  write  concerning 
the  species  at  work  in  the  different  localities.  It  is  apparent  that 
several  undescribed  forms  are  present  in  the  infested  region,  either  as 
secondary  or  primary  enemies. — F,  H.  C. 


\\    I  \  I  l.lM'.s  i  |  \,.    ,    \  -i.    .  .1      MY  I A 

There  was  received  in  February,  through  the  Smithsonian  Institu 
tiou,  a  specimen  oi  a  lai  pt  from  Dr.  H.  H.  Thorpe,  oi   Li 

EI  ill,  Tex.    This  maggot,  According  to  Dr.  Thorpe,  cat  itfl  w  ay  i  li  t  • 
and  came  out  of  the  Boalp  of  a  child  about  eight  years  old.    <  me,  still 
Bmaller,  cul   its  waj   out   at   the  li i i »  several  weeks  previously.     A 
described  by  Dr.  Thorpe,  there  was  first  a  swelling  on  the  side  of  the 
neck  and  high  fever.    The  swelling  gradually  passed  up  the  side  of  the 
head,  disappearing  l  »«-l<»\\ ,  until  it  reached  the  top  of  the  bead.     Wheu 
the  maggot  cut  through  the  scalp  and  was  taken  out  the  Bwellin 
once  subsided. 

Similar  cases  have  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  this  office  on  t  wo 
former  occasions.  Dr.  J.  M.  Shaffer,  of  Keokuk,  Iowa,  wrote  us,  under 
date  of  March  1 7.  L886,  sending  just  such  a  Larva,  which  was  taken  from 
the  back  of  a  boy  and  exhibited  at  a  meeting  of  the  local  medical  society. 
There  were  said  to  have  been  a  number  of  (anions  spots  or  small 
abcesses  in  the  boy's  back,  and  in  each  of  these  was  found  such  a  mag 
got  In  January,  L893,  another  similar  maggot  was  received  from  Dr. 
T.  B.  Richardson,  of  Oroville,  pal.,  which  had  been  squeezed  from  the 
scalp  of  a  child. 

The  larva  from  Dr.  Thorpe  is  a  tri tie  over  half  an  inch  in  length,  and 
closely  resembles  the  third  stage  of  the  larva  of  Hypoderma  lineata,  the 
common  "ox  bot"  of  this  country,  known  locally  in  Texas  as  the  "heel 
worm."  This  insect,  although  occurring  so  commonly  in  cattle,  attacks 
human  beings  very  rarely.  The  only  recorded  instance  known  to  US  is 
recorded  in  Insect  Life,  Vol.  II,  pp.238-239,  and  Vol.  IV.  pp. 309-310. 
The  latter  reference  calls  attention  to  an  article  by  W.  M.  Schoyen,  the 
Government  entomologist  of  Norway,  who  states  that  such  cases  are 
occasionally  known  in  Sweden,  and  are  there  referable  to  Hypoderma 
bovis. 

THE  EUROPEAN  EAT  BUG  IN  AMERICA. 

There  is  in  Europe  a  close  ally  of  the  domestic  bedbug  known  as 
Acanthia  pipistrellij  which  occurs  npon  bats.  It  has  been  supposed 
that  this  insect  might  occur  in  this  country,  but  it  has  never  before 
been  recorded,  so  far  as  we  know.  In  July,  however,  a  specimen  was 
received  from  Mr.  J.  S.  Holmes,  of  Bowman's  Bluff,  X.  C,  which  he 
took  from  the  common  bat  known  as  Nycticejus  crepuscularis,  which 
agrees  perfectly  with  the  description  of  the  European  Acanthia 
pipistrelli, 

A  RADICAL  NOVELTY  IN  CHINCH  BUG  WORK. 

In  the  latter  part  of  July.  L898,  in  several  beautiful  lawns  in  the  city 
of  Brooklyn  the  grass  was  observed  to  turn  brown  in  large  patches. 
Close  examination  showed  that  a  small  bug  was  present  in  numbers, 
specimens  of  which  were  sent  to  this  office  by  Mr.  Lewis  Collins,  the 
secretary  of  the  Tree  Planting  and.  Fountain  Society  of  Brooklyn.  A 
8193— No.  18 V 


98 

glance  showed  that  the  insect  was  the  true  chinch  bug  {Blisstts  leucop- 
terus).  That  this  species  should  suddenly  appear  in  injurious  numbers 
in  the  midst  of  a  densely  populated  city  at  a  point  hundreds  of  miles 
away  from  the  region  of  any  previous  outbreak,  and  in  a  summer 
marked  by  an  unusual  rainfall,  and  upon  lawns  kept  closely  cropped 
and  frequently  watered,  was  a  phenomenon  of  striking  interest  which 
completely  upset  all  preconceived  ideas  of  what  this  destructive  species 
is  liable  to  do. 

The  writer  visited  Brooklyn  early  in  August,  collected  specimens, 
studied  the  conditions,  and  returned  to  Washington  strongly  impressed 
with  the  unusualness  of  the  phenomenon.  No  specimens  of  the  insect 
could  be  collected  by  industrious  sweeping  or  careful  exploration  at  any 
point  except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  brown  patches  of  lawn 
grass.  On  August  5  the  insects  had  begun  to  migrate,  and  kerosene 
emulsion  was  so  effectively  applied  that  within  a  few  days  there  was  no 
further  damage.  The  bugs  were  present  in  enormous  numbers,  all  full 
grown,  about  one-third  being  of  the  long- winged  form,  and  two  thirds 
of  the  short-winged.  No  signs  of  disease  were  noticed,  in  spite  of  the 
unusual  moisture  conditions,  which,  when  we  consider  the  abundant 
rains  of  the  summer  and  the  frequent  waterings  of  the  lawns,  is  proba- 
bly unprecedented  in  the  history  of  the  species. 

The  only  previous  destructive  chinch  bug  outbreak  in  the  State  of 
New  York  of  which  there  is  record  is  that  of  1882,  in  fields  of  timothy 
grass  in  St.  Lawrence  and  adjoining  counties  in  the  far  northern  part 
of  the  State.  The  Brooklyn  occurrence  is  to  be  attributed  either  to  an 
accidental  introduction  into  the  heart  of  the  city  from  the  seacoast,  or 
to  an  unusual  multiplication  of  a  species  always  present  in  small  num- 
bers; but  why  should  this  unusual  multiplication  have  taken  place 
in  the  face  of  conditions  which,  in  the  West,  have  always  proven 
destructive  to  the  species ! 

POISONED   POTATO   SLICES  FOR   ONISCUS. 

A  most  admirable  result  of  the  use  of  slices  of  potato  poisoned  with 
Paris  green  in  greenhouses  to  destroy  the  sow-bugs,  or  pill  bugs,  which 
are  frequently  brought  in  with  soil  and  damage  tender  plants,  has 
recently  come  to  our  notice.  An  extensive  lettuce  grower  in  Michigan 
(Mr.  A.  Loeffler)  applied  to  us  for  a  remedy  against  these  creatures, 
which  he  said  had  already  damaged  his  crop  under  glass  to  the  extent 
of  $400,  and  we  advised  the  use  of  the  potato  trap.  He  had  four 
houses,  each  20  by  100  feet.  He  sliced  good,  juicy  potatoes,  and  his 
men  placed  a  slice  to  about  every  other  lettuce  plant.  He  followed 
Avith  a  small  blower  loaded  with  Paris  green  and  purled  it  on  the  slices 
while  they  were  in  place.  It  took  two  days  to  make  arrangements. 
As  night  came  on,  the  sow-bugs  emerged  from  their  hiding  places,  but 
instead  of  going  to  the  lettuce  as  usual,  they  all  made  for  the  sliced 
potatoes.  He  returned  about  midnight  and  found  from  six  to  eight 
sow-bugs  upon  each  slice  of  potato.    In  the  morning,  as  he  expressed 


it,  ''everything  was  riu*  toil,  th<  i  1 1  * « -  benches,  antler 

the  benches,  and  the  walks  were  all  covered  with  the  dead  creatures. 
At  a  rough  estimate  be  ootioladed  thai  be  bad  destroyed  about  24,000 
specimens  in  t lu-  t  w «>  nighta, 

NOTES  FROM  CORRESPONDENCE. 

Mi    M   (     \io!n.  of  Lealman,  Fla.,  writes,  under  date ol 
temtx  -  -  ...i  w.i\  t<>  prevent  ants  from  Ascending  the  legsol  ta 

food  Bales,  ate.,  t->  to  take  an  om  i  «•  <>i  corrosive  sublimate,  mil  ii  with  a  tablespoon* 
in  I  ol  lard,  and  applj  If  iu  bands  of  from  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide, 
seeing  thai  the  tables,  eto.,  touch  nothing  except  with  their  legs.  Thisshonld  be 
applied  everj  three  or  five  months. 

Injury  by  the  Orange  Leaf- Roller.— Under  date  of  January  21,  1898,  Mr.  William 
Chappekw  writes  tli.it  the  so-called  orange  Leaf-roller  Tortrix  citrana  Pern.  .  speci- 
mens of  the  larva  of  which  he  sends,  is  doing  injury  to  oranges  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Monrovia,  Cal.  The  principal  source  of  damage  bj  this  species  is  due  to  the 
habit  of  the  larvae  of  burrowing  i nt * «  green  oranges,  which  cause-  them  to  turn 
yellow  prematurely  and  tin  illy  to  drop  from  the  tn<-.  A  short  account  of  this 
specie-  has  he.  n  given  bj  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett  in  Divisional  Bulletin  No.  32, 
84. 

Injury  by  the  Caterpillars  of  Scepsis  fulvicollis  Hbn.— June  26,  1898,  Mr.  W.  L. 
Simpson  wrote  that  the  above-named  caterpillar,  specimens  of  which  he  sent,  was 
pro\  niu  \ -cry  destructive  to  swamp  meadows  at  .Jackson.  Wyo.  It  confined  itself 
chief! j  to  the  lower  bottoms,  cutting  the  grass  to  a  level  with  old  stubble  and  eating 
it  entirely  away. 

Poisoning  for  the  Cotton  Caterpillar.—  We  learn  from  Mr.  John  J.  Dix.  Bena 
Tex.,  that  in  hi^  part  of  the  country  contractors  treat  cotton  fields  for  the  ordinary 
cotton  caterpillar  I  Aletia  xylina)  at  the  rate  of  25  cents  per  acre,  using  either  Paris 
green,  London  purple,  or  arsenic.  This  insect  is  no  longer  a  serious  factor  in  cotton 
growing.  It  is  generally  considered  in  Texas  that  if  a  planter  loses  his  crop  a>  a 
result  of  the  work  of  this  species  it  is  due  to  carelessness  or  la/iness. 

Insect  injury  to  Pecan  Buds.— During  the  first  week  of  August,  1898,  specimens 
received  of  a  larva  found  feeding  upon  leaves  of  pecan.  Messrs.  YV.  H.  McLeod 
A  Sons,  of  Beabrook,  B.  C,  who  sent  the  specimens,  wrote,  under  date  of  duly  27, 
that  some  insect  was  at  work  destroying  the  buds  of  pecans  at  that  place,  and  that 
100  trees  had  been  destroyed  that  season.  The  larva'  sent  were  reared  and  proved 
to  be  a  Tortricid  Known  a>  Proteopteryx  deludana  CI.  It  could  not  be  ascertained 
whether  or  not  this  apecies  was  in  any  way  concerned  in  the  injury,  but  it  is.  we 
believe,  the  first  recorded  rearing  of  this  species  on  pecan. 

A  late  Outbreak  of  the  Army  Worm.— The  present  autumn  Mr.  Frank  W.  Troth,  of 
Accotink,  Va..  found  the  army  worm  very  abundantly  at  work  in  his  millet  when  he 
cut  it  on  the  26th  day  of  September.  This  is  an  exceptionally  late  occurrence  ol  this 
insect  in  injurious  numbers,  and  the  caterpillars  are  undoubtedly  to  be  referred  to 
the  third  generation  for  the  year,  counting  the  offspring  of  the  overwintering  larva- 
as  the  first  generation.  It  used  to  be  considered  that  the  first  generation  of  the 
larva-  only  was  the  injurious  one.  hence  the  interest  attaching  to  this  instance. 

Extraordinary  abundance  of  Io  Caterpillars. — We  have  received  from  Dr.  Ben.  II. 
Brodnax,  Brodnax,  Morehouse  Parish,  La.,  specimens  of  the  larva  of  Hypei 
io  found  upon  cotton,  with  the  information  that  he  had  found  thousands  of  them  in 
the  same  patch  where  they  were  eating  leaves  and  squares  and  were  so  abundant  as 
to  clean  the  plants.  This  insect  has  long  been  kuown  as  an  enemy  to  cotton,  but 
we  have  never  before  received  a  report  of  its  occurrence  in  such  abundance. 

Another  very  Beneficial  Ladybird. — The  coffee  plantations  of  Guatemala  have 
been  seriously  affected  for  several  years  by  one  of  the  common  mealy  bugs,  Dacty- 
loi)ius  citri.     Efforts  have  been  made  by  persons  interested  to  secure  colonii  -     i 


100 

Cri/ploUvmus  montrouzieri,  the  ladybird  which  cleared  the  coffee  plantations  of 
Hawaii  from  an  allied  scale  insect;  but,  in  the  meantime,  as  we  are  informed  by 
Senor  Dieseldorff,  of  Coban,  a  native  ladybird  has  developed  in  good  numbers  and 
has  practically  freed  most  of  the  coffee  trees  from  the  scale  insects.  This  insect,  of 
which  he  has  sent  us  specimens,  is  Orciis  caruleus  Mulsaut,  previously  known  from 
Brazil,  Chile,  and  Central  America. 

Leaf-Beetle  Injury  to  Coffee  Trees  in  Guatemala. — June  1,  1898,  specimens  were 
received  of  species  of  Noda  cretifera  Lef.,  and  an  unidentified  species  of  the  same 
genus  from  Mr.  E.  P.  Dieseldorff,  Coban,  Guatemala,  with  the  information  conveyed 
in  a  letter,  dated  May  19,  that  they  were  doing  harm  to  coffee  trees  in  that  vicinity. 
This  information  was  received  from  Mr.  Javier  Grijalva,  who  wrote  :  "  About  twenty 
days  ago  a  strong  wind  storm  passed  this  plantation,  and  soon  afterwards  we  noted 
a  great  quantity  of  insects  (of  which  herewith  a  few  examples)  which  suck  the 
coffee  leaves  by  making  numbers  of  holes  in  them,  thereby  causing  that  they  dry 
up  completely." 

The  Giant  Twig  Girdler. — We  have  received  from  Mr.  J.  E.  Duerden,  curator  of 
the  Institute  of  Jamaica,  Kingston,  Jamaica,  a  specimen  of  Onchleres  amputator 
Fabr.,  with  a  branch  which  it  had  amputated.  According  to  Mr.  Duerden  this 
insect  cuts  off  branches  of  the  cotton  tree  (Eriodendron  anfracticosum),  the  Congo 
pea  (Cajanus  indictis),  and  the  horsetail  (Casuarina  equisetifolia).  This  species  is 
A-ery  much  larger  than  any  of  our  native  girdlers,  and  the  branch  sent  by  Mr.  Duer- 
den has  a  diameter  of  1|  inches,  the  incision  made  by  the  beetle  measuring  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  all  round. 

Recent  Injury  by  Blister  Beetles  of  the  Genus  Pomphopcea.—  March  17,  1898, 
specimens  of  Pomphopoca  texana  Lee.  were  received  from  Dr.  J.  D.  Burch,  of  Aurora, 
Tex.,  with  the  accompanying  report  that  the  species  had  suddenly  appeared  at 
Rhoine,  2  miles  from  Aurora,  on  peach  trees  in  bloom.  In  a  brief  time  not  a  speci- 
men remained  and  the  beetles  then  departed  for  some  neighboring  plum  trees.  This 
is,  as  far  as  we  know,  the  first  reported  instance  of  damage  by  this  species. 

Mr.  D.  L.  Rozzell  reports  Pomplwpa>a  wnea  as  injurious  in  March,  beginning  about 
the  15th,  in  1898,  in  the  vicinity  of  Short  Mountain,  Tenn.,  attack  being  observed 
on  the  bloom  of  peach,  which  was  eaten  entirely  off  the  trees  under  observation. 
The  beetles  were  reported  to  come  in  swarms  like  bees.  When  the  trees  were  jarred 
they  dropped  to  the  ground  and  flew  back  to  the  tree  again  later. 

Swarming  of  Western  Willow  Flea-beetle. — AVe  have  received  a  number  of  speci- 
mens of  this  insect,  which  is  Disonycha  quinquevittata,  from  Mr.  Herbert  Brown,  of 
Yuma,  Ariz.  Mr.  Brown  writes  that  on  October  18,  from  2  to  3  p.  in.,  an  immense 
swarm  of  these  little  beetles  passed  up  the  Colorado  River.  They  held  to  the  chan- 
nel of  the  stream,  and  there  appeared  to  be  a  belt  of  them  about  20  to  25  feet  thick 
and  about  the  width  of  the  stream.  They  flew  probably  50  feet  above  the  water. 
When  Mr.  Brown's  attention  was  first  called  to  them,  he  thought  it  was  an  immense 
swarm  of  bees.  This  is  a  most  interesting  observation  and  nothing  like  it  is  on 
record  for  this  species.  It  seems  that  the  ordinary  cause  of  migration,  namely,  lack 
of  food,  could  not  hold  in  this  instance,  and  we  are  not  informed  as  to  whether  the 
peculiar  sultry  condition  of  the  atmosphere  which  sometimes  induces  swarming  in 
other  insects  was  present. 

New  Food  Plants  of  the  Oil  Beetle,  Meloe'  angusticoilis. —August  31,  1898,  Mr. 
Charles  M.  Shafer,  of  Rogers,  Ohio,  sent  specimens  of  Meloe  angusticoilis  found  feed- 
ing upon  two  species  of  touch-me-not,  or  jewel  weed,  Impaiiens  Iriflora  (fulva)  and 
Inqmtiens  aurea  (pallida). 

The  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer  Damaging  Quilts.— October  6. 1898,  Mr.  Edw. 
B.  Varney,  Fall  River,  Mass.,  wrote  that  the  larva  of  the  flat-headed  apple-tree  borer, 
Clinjsobothris  femorata.  specimens  of  which  he  mailed  to  us,  was  found  at  Stevens 
Mill  in  that  city  after  these  larvae  had  damaged  several  quilts  by  eating  into  them. 
They  had  evidently  come  to  the  mill  in  lumber  from  which  cases  were  made. 

Cosmopepla  carnifex  Attacking  Mustard. — Mr.  M.  J.  Furlong,  of  Fisher,  Minn., 


101 

w  rites  an dei  date  ot  Jolj  it  that  I 

attacking  \fii..w  mustard    fl  j  i 

that  w<  while  thej  writ-  in  blossom  did  not  pel  i  I  ■  • 

sap  was    noki     fi  on  the  l<  i  • 

August   L4,o  tod  ill  * t   Injury  bad  been  i •■  «i  prioi   to  the 

t  had  n«\  ai  bean  so  nnm<  ions,     [n  all  <  an  i  be 

mustard  was  attacked  when  about  ;i  foot  high,  i  li>  leayea  dropped  ofl  and  t  1 1 « -  plant 
died.     If  the  plant  waa  mil  grown,  or  n<  i   npon  it. 

Onr  correspondent  bad  not  saen  this  Insect  upon  anj  other  plant  ot  1 1 ■ « -  mustard  01 
:in\  other  family, 

Tin  bug  oft  .Vest.    August   15, 1886,  Dr.  O.  W.  Harrej   ot  Ball 

,  sent  specimens  of  <  'onorhinus  protractut  Uhler,  with  the  Informatiou 
that  the  spe<  Les  Inhabits  houses  and  barns  of  the  southern  part  of  that  State.  It  is 
said  i  i  be  :ni  enemj  of  the  bedbug,  killing  every  one  that  is  round,  but  tins 

is  oot  yet  verified, although  our  correspondent  admit-  thai  it   may  be  true.     I  li<- 
species  «  lose!]  resembles  the  so-called  blood-sucking  cone-nose,  <>r  big  bed  be 
tomguisugOy  of  the  middle  western  States,  and  doubtless  has  very  much   the  same 
habits  and  life  history  . 

Nysius  californicus  Injurious  to  Lettuce. — August  I'.  L898,  Mi.  Luca  Deecalsi,  of 
Santa  Rosa,  Sonoma  County,  Cal.,  sent  specimens  of  this  species,  which  is  a  near 
n  lative  of  the  so-called  false  ehiuch  bug,  Nysius  angustatus,  with  the  accompanying 
information  that  the  species  was  injurious  t<»  lettuce  in  his  vicinity.  Our  corre- 
spondent stated  th.it  he  was  able  to  raise  nearly  as  many  of  the  insects  as  of  salmi 
B<  eds. 

Leaf-hopper  injury  to  Potatoes. — July  13,  1898,  Mr.  Millis  Knickerbocker,  New 
Lenox,  111.,  sent  specimens  <>f  the  leaf-hopper,  Ehipoasca  viridesoens,  with  the  accom- 
pany ing  information  that  it  was  destructive  to  potatoes  in  that  section  and  had  been 
injurious  for  Beveral  years. 

The  Hawthorn  Tingis  injuring  Quince. — August  17,  1898,  wo  received  at  this  office 
from  Mr.  s.  s.  Wilson,  of  Libonia,  Pa.,  specimens  of  Coryfhuoa  arouoto  Say.,  with  the 
report  that  it  was  injuring  the  leaves  of  quince  in  that  vicinity.  The  leaves  sent 
with  the  specimen^  showed  primary  injury  by  the  common  pear  slug,  and  the  Tin- 
gitid  was  therefore  all  the  more  injurious.  About  75  trees  were  affected,  and  injury 
vi  .i-  spreading.  Pear  was  expressed  that  the  entire  orchard  might  be  ruined.  This 
Bpecies  was  treated  in  the  Report  of  this  Department  for  1879,  pp.  221-222,  and  is 
figured  at  Plate  IV,  figures  2  and  3.  of  the  same  report. 

The  Wheat  Thrips  injuring  Plums  in  Florida.— March  31,  1898,  Messrs.  McLean  & 
v  at  us  from  Conant,  Fla.,  specimens  of  Thrips  tritici  Fitch,  with  the  report  that 
this  insect  had  caused  injury  tothe  plum  crop  on  their  farm  of  500  trees  for  six  years, 
the  insect  being  most  abundant  and  injurious  on  the  so-called  -'Satsuma  blood." 
other  varieties  of  plums  appeared  t<>  escape  injury,  owing  to  their  blooming  earlier. 
Injury  begins  with  the  first  blooming  of  the  trees,  and  the  blossoms  are  soon  destroy  ed. 
An  average  of  20  individuals  were  counted  on  a  single  bloom. 

The  so-called  "Cotton  Flea."— Through  the  kindness  of  the  lion.  .).  D.  Mitchell, 
of  Victoria,  Tex.,  we  have  learned  that  the  delicate  little  Capsid  plant-bug  known 
as  Psallus  delicatus  1'hler.  is  locally  known  in  Texas  cotton  field-  as  the  "cotton 
ilea  "  Mr.  Mitchell  writes  concerning  their  work  during  the  past  season  that  they 
commenced  upon  the  cotton  as  sooo  as  it  was  ready  to  bloom,  about  May.  They 
slacked  up  in  July  and  disappeared  about  the  middle  of  August.  According  to  our 
correspondent,  they  go  into  the  end  of  the  grow  ing  limb  and  suck  the  juice  from  the 
embryo  buds,  which  turn  black  and  fall  off  as  soon  as  they  grow  out  far  enough. 
The  evidence  concerning  this  statement  is  circumstantial,  as  the  insect  itself  has  not 
been  observed  at  work.  In  all  fields  where  these  insects  were  numerous,  not  a  bloom 
appeared;  where  they  were  not  numerous  a  few  flowers  matured  :  and  since  the  insects 
disappeared  those  fields  bloomed  out  fully.  Only  certain  sections  were  attacked:  so 
far  as  observed,  only  sandy  fields  were  infested. 


■/ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 


3  1262  09216  5868 


